Census › North Dakota

North Dakota

People
Population784,841B01003
Population, 2020 census779,094P1
Median age35.9B01002
Under 1823.5%B01001
65 and over16.5%B01001
Householdsnot loaded yetB11001
Foreign bornnot loaded yetB05002
Money
Median household incomenot loaded yetB19013
Median family incomenot loaded yetB19113
Per capita incomenot loaded yetB19301
Poverty ratenot loaded yetB17001
Unemployment ratenot loaded yetB23025
Civilian labor forcenot loaded yetB23025
Education
Bachelor's degree or highernot loaded yetB15003
Housing
Housing unitsnot loaded yetB25001
Owner-occupiednot loaded yetB25003
Rentersnot loaded yetB25003
Median home valuenot loaded yetB25077
Median gross rentnot loaded yetB25064
Race and ethnicity
White, not Hispanic81.7%B03002
Black3.3%B03002
Hispanic or Latino4.7%B03002
Asian1.6%B03002
American Indian and Alaska Native4.2%B03002

Figures from the 2020-2024 American Community Survey five-year estimates (table codes link to the same table for this area at data.census.gov) and the 2020 census (P1), via IPUMS NHGIS. Estimates for small areas carry wide margins of error; a tract's figures describe its residents, not any one organization.

Counties

Adams County: 2,145Barnes County: 10,773Benson County: 5,808Billings County: 1,024Bottineau County: 6,378Bowman County: 2,906Burke County: 2,156Burleigh County: 100,600Cass County: 193,400Cavalier County: 3,633Dickey County: 4,935Divide County: 2,167Dunn County: 4,040Eddy County: 2,307Emmons County: 3,254Foster County: 3,358Golden Valley County: 1,653Grand Forks County: 72,923Grant County: 2,269Griggs County: 2,245Hettinger County: 2,432Kidder County: 2,377LaMoure County: 4,118Logan County: 1,819McHenry County: 5,207McIntosh County: 2,497McKenzie County: 14,321McLean County: 9,823Mercer County: 8,337Morton County: 33,777Mountrail County: 9,507Nelson County: 3,016Oliver County: 1,839Pembina County: 6,727Pierce County: 3,928Ramsey County: 11,556Ransom County: 5,643Renville County: 2,304Richland County: 16,584Rolette County: 11,924Sargent County: 3,804Sheridan County: 1,303Sioux County: 3,740Slope County: 766Stark County: 33,302Steele County: 1,804Stutsman County: 21,549Towner County: 2,079Traill County: 7,970Walsh County: 10,396Ward County: 68,973Wells County: 3,890Williams County: 39,555ZIP 58103: 441 nonprofits, $1,206,820,396ZIP 58102: 403 nonprofits, $415,095,885ZIP 58504: 387 nonprofits, $230,432,246ZIP 58501: 363 nonprofits, $690,616,200ZIP 58201: 344 nonprofits, $813,638,487ZIP 58503: 318 nonprofits, $153,875,384ZIP 58701: 312 nonprofits, $443,543,319ZIP 58554: 297 nonprofits, $181,633,315ZIP 58104: 260 nonprofits, $388,496,239ZIP 58078: 253 nonprofits, $81,811,608ZIP 58601: 209 nonprofits, $93,591,104ZIP 58801: 181 nonprofits, $60,933,507ZIP 58301: 181 nonprofits, $41,297,643ZIP 58401: 174 nonprofits, $243,253,856ZIP 58402: 163 nonprofits, $21,263,288ZIP 58072: 145 nonprofits, $38,864,765ZIP 58203: 139 nonprofits, $43,700,517ZIP 58703: 127 nonprofits, $62,780,311ZIP 58075: 95 nonprofits, $11,357,649ZIP 58854: 93 nonprofits, $624,765,263ZIP 58237: 87 nonprofits, $53,417,535ZIP 58220: 76 nonprofits, $28,077,549ZIP 58623: 73 nonprofits, $22,113,865ZIP 58318: 71 nonprofits, $54,932,302ZIP 58523: 69 nonprofits, $34,798,142ZIP 58368: 63 nonprofits, $43,189,022ZIP 58341: 62 nonprofits, $33,822,061ZIP 58054: 62 nonprofits, $7,738,189ZIP 58249: 59 nonprofits, $29,293,321ZIP 58421: 59 nonprofits, $51,236,364ZIP 58474: 55 nonprofits, $1,707,362ZIP 58545: 54 nonprofits, $115,511,629ZIP 58784: 51 nonprofits, $56,148,971ZIP 58639: 50 nonprofits, $39,524,469ZIP 58045: 50 nonprofits, $9,761,080ZIP 58763: 48 nonprofits, $1,947,053ZIP 58047: 48 nonprofits, $7,628,267ZIP 58730: 48 nonprofits, $10,269,999ZIP 58436: 48 nonprofits, $11,741,069ZIP 58012: 46 nonprofits, $2,505,967ZIP 58540: 44 nonprofits, $25,689,994ZIP 58202: 44 nonprofits, $99,395,234ZIP 58356: 41 nonprofits, $18,189,594ZIP 58270: 41 nonprofits, $25,610,599ZIP 58746: 40 nonprofits, $5,033,766ZIP 58552: 40 nonprofits, $28,515,017ZIP 58646: 38 nonprofits, $2,003,556ZIP 58105: 37 nonprofits, $2,625,442ZIP 58790: 37 nonprofits, $64,987,945ZIP 58257: 36 nonprofits, $15,579,526ZIP 58621: 36 nonprofits, $1,918,297ZIP 58367: 35 nonprofits, $20,073,939ZIP 58041: 35 nonprofits, $5,686,107ZIP 58563: 35 nonprofits, $13,899,313ZIP 58316: 34 nonprofits, $28,081,322ZIP 58425: 32 nonprofits, $17,223,500ZIP 58051: 32 nonprofits, $1,256,249ZIP 58761: 31 nonprofits, $632,030ZIP 58267: 31 nonprofits, $18,931,313ZIP 58251: 31 nonprofits, $969,332ZIP 58640: 31 nonprofits, $17,934,944ZIP 58652: 30 nonprofits, $8,494,262ZIP 58530: 29 nonprofits, $353,360ZIP 58074: 29 nonprofits, $4,951,111ZIP 58561: 29 nonprofits, $6,485,807ZIP 58631: 29 nonprofits, $8,814,920ZIP 58529: 29 nonprofits, $530,935ZIP 58533: 29 nonprofits, $12,982,529ZIP 58458: 28 nonprofits, $2,994,536ZIP 58344: 28 nonprofits, $1,079,490ZIP 58852: 28 nonprofits, $23,217,663ZIP 58348: 27 nonprofits, $31,429,375ZIP 58324: 27 nonprofits, $19,250,794ZIP 58482: 27 nonprofits, $3,904,336ZIP 58413: 26 nonprofits, $11,966,418ZIP 58647: 26 nonprofits, $22,916,520ZIP 58027: 26 nonprofits, $1,276,099ZIP 58225: 26 nonprofits, $6,529,329ZIP 58538: 25 nonprofits, $41,386,716ZIP 58433: 25 nonprofits, $72,091,979ZIP 58575: 24 nonprofits, $9,582,503ZIP 58060: 24 nonprofits, $676,930ZIP 58577: 23 nonprofits, $1,354,691ZIP 58495: 23 nonprofits, $18,463,688ZIP 58704: 23 nonprofits, $25,382ZIP 58492: 23 nonprofits, $521,089ZIP 58053: 22 nonprofits, $1,759,155ZIP 58463: 22 nonprofits, $964,969ZIP 58278: 22 nonprofits, $278,122ZIP 58788: 22 nonprofits, $326,281ZIP 58274: 21 nonprofits, $281,877ZIP 58438: 21 nonprofits, $522,910ZIP 58261: 21 nonprofits, $1,853,559ZIP 58282: 21 nonprofits, $6,357,229ZIP 58230: 20 nonprofits, $463,190ZIP 58081: 20 nonprofits, $416,345ZIP 58849: 20 nonprofits, $1,003,935ZIP 58638: 20 nonprofits, $362,822ZIP 58718: 19 nonprofits, $600,788ZIP 58576: 19 nonprofits, $96,945ZIP 58040: 19 nonprofits, $880,242ZIP 58240: 19 nonprofits, $5,505,672ZIP 58535: 19 nonprofits, $26,592,457ZIP 58254: 18 nonprofits, $5,953,734ZIP 58467: 18 nonprofits, $1,483,374ZIP 58773: 18 nonprofits, $91,705ZIP 58271: 18 nonprofits, $1,322,332ZIP 58505: 18 nonprofits, $6,955,796ZIP 58456: 17 nonprofits, $13,309,889ZIP 58366: 17 nonprofits, $3,637,423ZIP 58544: 17 nonprofits, $845,977ZIP 58721: 17 nonprofits, $154,875ZIP 58562: 17 nonprofits, $109,085ZIP 58573: 17 nonprofits, $4,134,888ZIP 58042: 17 nonprofits, $582,873ZIP 58770: 17 nonprofits, $817,901ZIP 58622: 16 nonprofits, $17,406ZIP 58329: 16 nonprofits, $2,596,169ZIP 58650: 16 nonprofits, $154,982ZIP 58032: 16 nonprofits, $4,019,891ZIP 58765: 16 nonprofits, $54,091ZIP 58653: 16 nonprofitsZIP 58059: 15 nonprofits, $585,715ZIP 58033: 15 nonprofits, $698,583ZIP 58636: 14 nonprofits, $4,399,433ZIP 58046: 14 nonprofits, $735,721ZIP 58448: 14 nonprofits, $191,471ZIP 58649: 14 nonprofits, $72,125ZIP 58707: 14 nonprofits, $6,426,284ZIP 58579: 14 nonprofitsZIP 58346: 14 nonprofits, $802,660ZIP 58018: 14 nonprofits, $6,068,060ZIP 58374: 14 nonprofits, $222,806ZIP 58218: 13 nonprofits, $383,351ZIP 58785: 13 nonprofitsZIP 58571: 13 nonprofits, $108,870ZIP 58630: 13 nonprofitsZIP 58782: 13 nonprofits, $53,129ZIP 58052: 13 nonprofits, $60,659ZIP 58759: 13 nonprofits, $22,837ZIP 58275: 13 nonprofits, $98,667ZIP 58064: 13 nonprofits, $396,957ZIP 58011: 13 nonprofits, $204,829ZIP 58645: 13 nonprofits, $21,506,172ZIP 58071: 12 nonprofits, $5,590ZIP 58845: 12 nonprofits, $73,651ZIP 58276: 12 nonprofits, $8,504ZIP 58779: 12 nonprofits, $174,184ZIP 58831: 12 nonprofitsZIP 58741: 12 nonprofitsZIP 58736: 12 nonprofits, $54,541ZIP 58416: 12 nonprofits, $678,763ZIP 58793: 12 nonprofits, $1,680,532ZIP 58351: 12 nonprofits, $116,608ZIP 58494: 12 nonprofits, $88,163ZIP 58558: 12 nonprofits, $98,841ZIP 58795: 12 nonprofits, $11,998ZIP 58231: 12 nonprofitsZIP 58722: 12 nonprofits, $773,701ZIP 58740: 12 nonprofits, $94,248ZIP 58380: 11 nonprofitsZIP 58269: 11 nonprofits, $1,067,986ZIP 58487: 11 nonprofitsZIP 58656: 11 nonprofits, $70,571ZIP 58227: 11 nonprofitsZIP 58727: 11 nonprofits, $29,591,427ZIP 58572: 11 nonprofitsZIP 58204: 11 nonprofitsZIP 58005: 11 nonprofits, $655ZIP 58048: 11 nonprofits, $1,723,491ZIP 58781: 11 nonprofits, $88,812ZIP 58031: 11 nonprofits, $213,668ZIP 58442: 11 nonprofits, $1,439,058ZIP 58651: 10 nonprofits, $379,751ZIP 58210: 10 nonprofitsZIP 58352: 10 nonprofits, $660,011ZIP 58212: 10 nonprofits, $4,769,548ZIP 58330: 10 nonprofits, $501,079ZIP 58228: 10 nonprofits, $563,844ZIP 58243: 10 nonprofits, $1,153,081ZIP 58655: 10 nonprofits, $1,653,134ZIP 58483: 10 nonprofits, $18,314ZIP 58771: 10 nonprofits, $154,626ZIP 58756: 9 nonprofits, $91,438ZIP 58049: 9 nonprofits, $259,882ZIP 58077: 9 nonprofitsZIP 58079: 9 nonprofitsZIP 58256: 9 nonprofits, $101,316ZIP 58332: 9 nonprofits, $24,005ZIP 58369: 9 nonprofits, $363,654ZIP 58384: 9 nonprofitsZIP 58429: 9 nonprofitsZIP 58460: 9 nonprofits, $75,765ZIP 58496: 9 nonprofits, $306,065ZIP 58642: 9 nonprofitsZIP 58705: 9 nonprofits, $12,123ZIP 58733: 9 nonprofits, $90ZIP 58752: 9 nonprofits, $177,781ZIP 58789: 9 nonprofits, $123,443ZIP 58835: 9 nonprofitsZIP 58847: 9 nonprofits, $362,857ZIP 58853: 9 nonprofits, $13,057,178ZIP 58723: 8 nonprofitsZIP 58068: 8 nonprofits, $415,493ZIP 58259: 8 nonprofits, $247,381ZIP 58444: 8 nonprofitsZIP 58262: 8 nonprofits, $1,298,902ZIP 58030: 8 nonprofitsZIP 58277: 8 nonprofits, $6,455ZIP 58520: 8 nonprofitsZIP 58521: 8 nonprofits, $124,131ZIP 58365: 8 nonprofits, $385,199ZIP 58035: 8 nonprofits, $55,977ZIP 58478: 8 nonprofits, $5,297ZIP 58335: 7 nonprofits, $14,876,263ZIP 58361: 7 nonprofits, $487,560ZIP 58783: 7 nonprofits, $1,665,861ZIP 58488: 7 nonprofits, $4,511ZIP 58006: 7 nonprofits, $388,001ZIP 58222: 7 nonprofits, $326,538ZIP 58229: 7 nonprofitsZIP 58439: 7 nonprofits, $6,834ZIP 58643: 7 nonprofits, $456,770ZIP 58321: 7 nonprofitsZIP 58524: 7 nonprofits, $61,230ZIP 58017: 7 nonprofits, $12,692ZIP 58479: 6 nonprofits, $168,667ZIP 58441: 6 nonprofits, $2,800ZIP 58422: 6 nonprofitsZIP 58418: 6 nonprofits, $56,343ZIP 58542: 6 nonprofitsZIP 58385: 6 nonprofits, $238,582ZIP 58559: 6 nonprofitsZIP 58565: 6 nonprofits, $780,088ZIP 58581: 6 nonprofitsZIP 58273: 6 nonprofits, $157,264ZIP 58265: 6 nonprofitsZIP 58238: 6 nonprofitsZIP 58710: 6 nonprofits, $56,588ZIP 58712: 6 nonprofitsZIP 58750: 6 nonprofits, $70,579ZIP 58001: 6 nonprofitsZIP 58762: 6 nonprofits, $128,292ZIP 58772: 6 nonprofitsZIP 58843: 6 nonprofits, $61,138ZIP 58455: 6 nonprofitsZIP 58260: 5 nonprofitsZIP 58008: 5 nonprofitsZIP 58568: 5 nonprofitsZIP 58476: 5 nonprofitsZIP 58532: 5 nonprofitsZIP 58792: 5 nonprofits, $118,851ZIP 58481: 5 nonprofitsZIP 58021: 5 nonprofitsZIP 58787: 5 nonprofitsZIP 58451: 5 nonprofitsZIP 58372: 5 nonprofitsZIP 58445: 5 nonprofits, $86,047ZIP 58528: 5 nonprofits, $25,524,743ZIP 58580: 5 nonprofitsZIP 58484: 5 nonprofitsZIP 58564: 5 nonprofits, $105,555ZIP 58620: 5 nonprofitsZIP 58038: 5 nonprofitsZIP 58057: 5 nonprofits, $945,940ZIP 58061: 5 nonprofits, $41,387ZIP 58454: 5 nonprofits, $705,271ZIP 58626: 5 nonprofits, $41,798ZIP 58067: 5 nonprofits, $81,246ZIP 58757: 5 nonprofitsZIP 58317: 5 nonprofitsZIP 58632: 5 nonprofitsZIP 58541: 5 nonprofitsZIP 58466: 5 nonprofits, $195,573ZIP 58711: 5 nonprofits, $115,438ZIP 58233: 5 nonprofits, $602,464ZIP 58461: 5 nonprofitsZIP 58331: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58343: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58634: 4 nonprofits, $101,988ZIP 58428: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58272: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58250: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58235: 4 nonprofits, $45,889ZIP 58856: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58464: 4 nonprofits, $15,247ZIP 58844: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58440: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58725: 4 nonprofits, $79,860ZIP 58731: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58490: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58734: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58486: 4 nonprofits, $95,378ZIP 58748: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58480: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58472: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58063: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58768: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58475: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58043: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58036: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58015: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58405: 4 nonprofits, $68,532,107ZIP 58386: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58377: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58531: 4 nonprofitsZIP 58443: 3 nonprofitsZIP 58345: 3 nonprofitsZIP 58062: 3 nonprofits, $20,837ZIP 58323: 3 nonprofitsZIP 58381: 3 nonprofits, $736,202ZIP 58769: 3 nonprofitsZIP 58224: 3 nonprofitsZIP 58570: 3 nonprofitsZIP 58327: 3 nonprofitsZIP 58776: 3 nonprofitsZIP 58560: 3 nonprofitsZIP 58370: 3 nonprofitsZIP 58735: 3 nonprofitsZIP 58004: 3 nonprofitsZIP 58569: 3 nonprofitsZIP 58420: 3 nonprofits, $52,422ZIP 58737: 3 nonprofitsZIP 58654: 3 nonprofitsZIP 58497: 3 nonprofits, $1,135ZIP 58641: 3 nonprofitsZIP 58239: 2 nonprofitsZIP 58009: 2 nonprofitsZIP 58415: 2 nonprofits, $250ZIP 58214: 2 nonprofitsZIP 58566: 2 nonprofitsZIP 58755: 2 nonprofits, $77,525ZIP 58424: 2 nonprofitsZIP 58830: 2 nonprofitsZIP 58058: 2 nonprofits, $76,301ZIP 58325: 2 nonprofitsZIP 58338: 2 nonprofits, $4,713ZIP 58029: 2 nonprofitsZIP 58266: 2 nonprofitsZIP 58838: 2 nonprofitsZIP 58431: 2 nonprofitsZIP 58357: 2 nonprofitsZIP 58716: 2 nonprofitsZIP 58223: 2 nonprofitsZIP 58016: 2 nonprofitsZIP 58744: 1 nonprofitsZIP 58076: 1 nonprofits, $8,498,879ZIP 58760: 1 nonprofits, $25,421ZIP 58627: 1 nonprofitsZIP 58258: 1 nonprofitsZIP 58758: 1 nonprofitsZIP 58794: 1 nonprofitsZIP 58241: 1 nonprofitsZIP 58216: 1 nonprofitsZIP 58426: 1 nonprofitsZIP 58013: 1 nonprofitsZIP 59275: 1 nonprofitsZIP 58310: 1 nonprofitsZIP 58362: 1 nonprofitsZIP 58775: 1 nonprofitsZIP 58363: 1 nonprofitsZIP 58379: 1 nonprofitsZIP 58833: 1 nonprofitsZIP 58002: 1 nonprofits, $26,981ZIP 58311: 1 nonprofitsZIP 58625: 1 nonprofitsZIP 58313: 1 nonprofitsZIP 58205: 1 nonprofits, $-1Population (ACS 2020-2024)up to 2,1672,167 to 3,3583,358 to 5,6435,643 to 11,924over 11,924nonprofits (circle size: how many)

Click an area for its page. Circles are FURP records at their ZIP code's center point, sized by how many. Download this map's areas with their census figures: CSV (center points) · GeoJSON (outlines), ready for Datawrapper, Mapshaper or Google My Maps. Outlines: Census TIGER/Line 2026, simplified.

CountyPopulationMedian household incomePoverty rateMedian ageBachelor's or higher
Adams County2,145--46.1-
Barnes County10,773--43.5-
Benson County5,808--32.6-
Billings County1,024--41.8-
Bottineau County6,378--44.2-
Bowman County2,906--42.8-
Burke County2,156--39.7-
Burleigh County100,600--38.5-
Cass County193,400--32.8-
Cavalier County3,633--48.3-
Dickey County4,935--39.5-
Divide County2,167--49.7-
Dunn County4,040--40.4-
Eddy County2,307--47.5-
Emmons County3,254--51.7-
Foster County3,358--43.4-
Golden Valley County1,653--47.2-
Grand Forks County72,923--30.9-
Grant County2,269--48.9-
Griggs County2,245--51.5-
Hettinger County2,432--42.9-
Kidder County2,377--48.1-
LaMoure County4,118--46.5-
Logan County1,819--50.3-
McHenry County5,207--43.4-
McIntosh County2,497--53.0-
McKenzie County14,321--31.5-
McLean County9,823--47.7-
Mercer County8,337--42.9-
Morton County33,777--37.6-
Mountrail County9,507--35.4-
Nelson County3,016--50.1-
Oliver County1,839--46.1-
Pembina County6,727--45.5-
Pierce County3,928--45.1-
Ramsey County11,556--40.3-
Ransom County5,643--43.1-
Renville County2,304--43.8-
Richland County16,584--38.0-
Rolette County11,924--32.5-
Sargent County3,804--44.9-
Sheridan County1,303--51.5-
Sioux County3,740--28.2-
Slope County766--54.1-
Stark County33,302--34.8-
Steele County1,804--46.9-
Stutsman County21,549--41.1-
Towner County2,079--48.9-
Traill County7,970--40.4-
Walsh County10,396--43.2-
Ward County68,973--33.6-
Wells County3,890--46.3-
Williams County39,555--31.8-

Largest places

FURP records in North Dakota

RecordsHow manyTotalBiggest
Nonprofits10,907$9,661,301,417 revenue (latest return)ALTRU HEALTH SYSTEM ($780,388,280)
Nonprofit contractors1,031$3,179,137,206 paid by nonprofitsIndustrial Contractors Inc ($140,608,436)
Colleges and schools2551,870 enrollmentUniversity of North Dakota (14,172)
Form D issuers340$7,149,122,217 amount soldEdgewood Properties, LLLP ($2,472,282,391)
Lobbying clients171$45,847,908 lobbying spentBASIN ELECTRIC POWER COOPERATIVE ($3,267,355)
Political committees174BEN HANSON FOR CONGRESS
Form 5500 plan sponsors3,8114,964 plansALERUS FINANCIAL (19)
Open Payments recipients4,016$51,336,528 industry paymentsLILLESTOL RESEARCH LLC ($19,558,496)
Food recall firms13109 recallsDakota Specialty Milling, Inc (54)
Patent and trademark owners1,8495,841 patents and marksClark Equipment Company (299)
IPO registrants956 filingsTitan Machinery Inc. (16)

Cross-reference: 10,907 nonprofits for 784,841 residents is 139.0 per 10,000 people; their latest-year revenue of $9,661,301,417 is $12,310 per resident.

Nonprofits: biggest by revenue (latest return)

Nonprofit contractors: biggest by paid by nonprofits

Colleges and schools: biggest by enrollment

Form D issuers: biggest by amount sold

Lobbying clients: biggest by lobbying spent

Political committees

Form 5500 plan sponsors: biggest by plans

Open Payments recipients: biggest by industry payments

Food recall firms: biggest by recalls

Patent and trademark owners: biggest by patents and marks

IPO registrants: biggest by filings

Census figures are from IPUMS NHGIS: the American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates (ACS table codes shown with each figure) and the 2020 decennial census (Demographic and Housing Characteristics), by state, county, place and census tract. FURP records are placed by ZIP code (the Census Bureau's 2020 ZCTA-to-county and ZCTA-to-tract relationship files: the county or tract holding most of the ZIP's land) and by city name (Census place names, normalized), so a record's tract is its ZIP's main tract, not its street's. Cite: Jonathan Schroeder, David Van Riper, Steven Manson, Grace Cooper, Zachary Krause, Tracy Kugler, Tsu Zhu, and Steven Ruggles. IPUMS National Historical Geographic Information System: Version 21.0 [dataset]. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS. 2026. http://doi.org/10.18128/D050.V21.0