PIERRE ALFRED
- Type
- Physician · Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians / Ophthalmology
- Where
- GARDNER, MA
- NPI
- 1912998501
- Received
- $3,625 in 111 records, 2019 to 2025
- Source
- CMS Open Payments search ↗
By year
| Program year | Kind | Records | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | General payment | 21 | $652 |
| 2024 | General payment | 23 | $1,168 |
| 2023 | General payment | 16 | $662 |
| 2022 | General payment | 11 | $234 |
| 2021 | General payment | 18 | $373 |
| 2020 | General payment | 9 | $280 |
| 2019 | General payment | 13 | $252 |
By company
| Company | Records | Amount | Years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bausch & Lomb Americas Inc. | 12 | $615 | 2022–2025 |
| Alcon Vision LLC | 24 | $498 | 2019–2025 |
| Harrow Eye, LLC | 4 | $402 | 2024–2025 |
| Mallinckrodt Hospital Products Inc. | 7 | $328 | 2021–2024 |
| SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. | 9 | $289 | 2020–2025 |
| Dompe US, Inc. | 10 | $287 | 2020–2025 |
| Oyster Point Pharma, Inc. | 5 | $227 | 2022–2023 |
| Johnson & Johnson Surgical Vision, Inc. | 3 | $127 | 2020–2024 |
| Allergan, Inc. | 4 | $108 | 2019–2022 |
| Bausch & Lomb, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC | 5 | $96 | 2020–2021 |
| Ocular Therapeutix, Inc. | 5 | $94 | 2024–2025 |
| Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | 4 | $80 | 2019–2021 |
| Sight Sciences, Inc. | 2 | $79 | 2020 |
| Tarsus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | 2 | $73 | 2024–2025 |
| Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation | 4 | $71 | 2019–2021 |
| BIOTISSUE HOLDINGS INC. | 3 | $58 | 2022–2025 |
| Ivantis, Inc | 1 | $48 | 2021 |
| Horizon Therapeutics plc | 2 | $39 | 2022–2023 |
| Rayner Intraocular Lenses Limited | 2 | $33 | 2022–2023 |
| Heidelberg Engineering, Inc. | 1 | $24 | 2023 |
| Amgen Inc. | 1 | $18 | 2024 |
| ABBVIE INC. | 1 | $18 | 2022 |
By nature of payment
| Nature | Records | Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Food and Beverage | 109 | $3,427 |
| Education | 2 | $197 |
Records
| Date | Company | Amount | Nature | Form | Product | Study | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025-12-18 | Alcon Vision LLC | $24 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | TRYPTYR Drug, Ophthalmology | 2025 | |
| 2025-11-25 | Bausch & Lomb Americas Inc. | $18 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | MIEBO Drug, Ophthalmology | 2025 | |
| 2025-11-04 | Alcon Vision LLC | $26 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | TRYPTYR Drug, Ophthalmology | 2025 | |
| 2025-10-23 | Dompe US, Inc. | $27 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | OXERVATE Drug, SOLUTION/ DROPS | 2025 | |
| 2025-10-23 | Dompe US, Inc. | $4 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | OXERVATE Drug, SOLUTION/ DROPS | 2025 | |
| 2025-10-10 | Dompe US, Inc. | $30 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | OXERVATE Drug, SOLUTION/ DROPS | 2025 | |
| 2025-10-05 | Bausch & Lomb Americas Inc. | $24 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | MIEBO Drug, Ophthalmology | 2025 | |
| 2025-09-25 | Alcon Vision LLC | $26 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | TRYPTYR Drug, Ophthalmology | 2025 | |
| 2025-09-23 | Ocular Therapeutix, Inc. | $20 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | DEXTENZA Drug, Corticosteroid intracanalicular insert | 2025 | |
| 2025-08-27 | BIOTISSUE HOLDINGS INC. | $24 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | 2025 | ||
| 2025-07-16 | Dompe US, Inc. | $31 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | OXERVATE Drug, SOLUTION/ DROPS | 2025 | |
| 2025-06-09 | SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. | $23 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | Cequa Drug, Ophthalmology | 2025 | |
| 2025-05-21 | Alcon Vision LLC | $32 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | Clareon Device, Ophthalmology | 2025 | |
| 2025-05-21 | Ocular Therapeutix, Inc. | $17 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | DEXTENZA Drug, Corticosteroid intracanalicular insert | 2025 | |
| 2025-05-12 | Dompe US, Inc. | $32 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | OXERVATE Drug, SOLUTION/ DROPS | 2025 | |
| 2025-05-06 | Tarsus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | $39 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | XDEMVY Drug, DEMODEX BLEPHARITIS | 2025 | |
| 2025-05-01 | SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. | $16 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | Cequa Drug, Ophthalmology | 2025 | |
| 2025-04-25 | Bausch & Lomb Americas Inc. | $120 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | MIEBO Drug, Ophthalmology | 2025 | |
| 2025-03-13 | Bausch & Lomb Americas Inc. | $23 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | MIEBO Drug, Ophthalmology | 2025 | |
| 2025-02-07 | Dompe US, Inc. | $30 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | OXERVATE Drug, SOLUTION/ DROPS | 2025 | |
| 2025-01-30 | Harrow Eye, LLC | $54 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | VEVYE Drug, OPTOMETRY | 2025 | |
| 2024-11-21 | Alcon Vision LLC | $26 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | EYSUVIS Drug, Ophthalmology | 2024 | |
| 2024-11-08 | Alcon Vision LLC | $26 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | EYSUVIS Drug, Ophthalmology | 2024 | |
| 2024-11-06 | Tarsus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | $33 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | XDEMVY Drug, DEMODEX BLEPHARITIS | 2024 | |
| 2024-10-18 | Bausch & Lomb Americas Inc. | $145 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | MIEBO Drug, Ophthalmology | 2024 | |
| 2024-10-07 | Ocular Therapeutix, Inc. | $21 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | DEXTENZA Drug, Corticosteroid intracanalicular insert | 2024 | |
| 2024-09-24 | Ocular Therapeutix, Inc. | $18 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | DEXTENZA Drug, Corticosteroid intracanalicular insert | 2024 | |
| 2024-08-19 | SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. | $29 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | Cequa Drug, Ophthalmology | 2024 | |
| 2024-08-13 | Harrow Eye, LLC | $122 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | IHEEZO Drug, OPTOMETRY | 2024 | |
| 2024-07-29 | Harrow Eye, LLC | $206 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | IHEEZO Drug, OPTOMETRY | 2024 | |
| 2024-07-24 | Ocular Therapeutix, Inc. | $16 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | DEXTENZA Drug, Corticosteroid intracanalicular insert | 2024 | |
| 2024-07-02 | Johnson & Johnson Surgical Vision, Inc. | $25 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | VERITAS Vision System Device, Optics | 2024 | |
| 2024-07-01 | Johnson & Johnson Surgical Vision, Inc. | $28 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | VERITAS Vision System Device, Optics | 2024 | |
| 2024-06-20 | Harrow Eye, LLC | $18 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | VEVYE Drug, OPTOMETRY | 2024 | |
| 2024-06-06 | Bausch & Lomb Americas Inc. | $19 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | enVista MX60 IOL Device, Ophthalmology | 2024 | |
| 2024-05-06 | Bausch & Lomb Americas Inc. | $24 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | enVista MX60 IOL Device, Ophthalmology | 2024 | |
| 2024-04-05 | Bausch & Lomb Americas Inc. | $150 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | enVista Aspire IOL Device, Ophthalmology | 2024 | |
| 2024-03-05 | Dompe US, Inc. | $32 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | OXERVATE Drug, SOLUTION/ DROPS | 2024 | |
| 2024-02-21 | Mallinckrodt Hospital Products Inc. | $97 | Education | In-kind items and services | ACTHAR Biological, IMMUNOLOGY | 2024 | |
| 2024-02-20 | Mallinckrodt Hospital Products Inc. | $21 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | ACTHAR Biological, IMMUNOLOGY | 2024 | |
| 2024-02-14 | SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. | $25 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | Cequa Drug, Ophthalmology | 2024 | |
| 2024-02-12 | Bausch & Lomb Americas Inc. | $23 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | VYZULTA Drug, Ophthalmology | 2024 | |
| 2024-02-07 | Amgen Inc. | $18 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | TEPEZZA Biological, Inflammation/Rare Disease | 2024 | |
| 2024-01-16 | Dompe US, Inc. | $34 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | OXERVATE Drug, SOLUTION/ DROPS | 2024 | |
| 2023-12-21 | Heidelberg Engineering, Inc. | $24 | Food and Beverage | Cash or cash equivalent | Spectralis Device, Ophthalmology Imaging Equipment | 2023 | |
| 2023-12-20 | Mallinckrodt Hospital Products Inc. | $99 | Education | In-kind items and services | ACTHAR Biological, IMMUNOLOGY | 2023 | |
| 2023-12-19 | Mallinckrodt Hospital Products Inc. | $22 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | ACTHAR Biological, IMMUNOLOGY | 2023 | |
| 2023-12-05 | Mallinckrodt Hospital Products Inc. | $39 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | ACTHAR Biological, IMMUNOLOGY | 2023 | |
| 2023-11-15 | Dompe US, Inc. | $32 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | OXERVATE Drug, SOLUTION/ DROPS | 2023 | |
| 2023-11-09 | Mallinckrodt Hospital Products Inc. | $22 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | ACTHAR Biological, IMMUNOLOGY | 2023 | |
| 2023-10-27 | SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. | $121 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | Cequa Drug, Ophthalmology | 2023 | |
| 2023-07-05 | Bausch & Lomb Americas Inc. | $20 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | enVista MX60 IOL Device, Ophthalmology | 2023 | |
| 2023-05-18 | Oyster Point Pharma, Inc. | $21 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | TYRVAYA Drug, DRY EYE | 2023 | |
| 2023-05-17 | Oyster Point Pharma, Inc. | $122 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | TYRVAYA Drug, DRY EYE | 2023 | |
| 2023-05-15 | BIOTISSUE HOLDINGS INC. | $22 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | PROKERA Device, HUMAN TISSUE PRODUCTS | 2023 | |
| 2023-04-19 | Alcon Vision LLC | $22 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | AcrySof IQ PanOptix UV IOL Device, Ophthalmology | 2023 | |
| 2023-03-23 | Alcon Vision LLC | $23 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | AcrySof IQ PanOptix UV IOL Device, Ophthalmology | 2023 | |
| 2023-03-07 | Horizon Therapeutics plc | $21 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | TEPEZZA Drug, TEPEZZA | 2023 | |
| 2023-01-25 | Rayner Intraocular Lenses Limited | $15 | Food and Beverage | Cash or cash equivalent | Omidria Drug, Ophthalmology | 2023 | |
| 2023-01-24 | Oyster Point Pharma, Inc. | $28 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | TYRVAYA Drug, DRY EYE | 2023 | |
| 2022-11-18 | Rayner Intraocular Lenses Limited | $18 | Food and Beverage | Cash or cash equivalent | Omidria Drug, Ophthalmology | 2022 | |
| 2022-11-15 | Horizon Therapeutics plc | $17 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | TEPEZZA Drug, TEPEZZA | 2022 | |
| 2022-11-09 | Oyster Point Pharma, Inc. | $24 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | TYRVAYA Drug, DRY EYE | 2022 | |
| 2022-10-19 | Alcon Vision LLC | $24 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | Clareon Device, Ophthalmology | 2022 | |
| 2022-08-24 | Oyster Point Pharma, Inc. | $31 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | TYRVAYA Drug, DRY EYE | 2022 | |
| 2022-07-06 | Bausch & Lomb Americas Inc. | $24 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | VYZULTA Drug, Ophthalmology | 2022 | |
| 2022-05-11 | ABBVIE INC. | $18 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | VUITY Drug, OPHTHALMOLOGY | 2022 | |
| 2022-03-16 | Alcon Vision LLC | $20 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | AcrySof IQ PanOptix UV IOL Device, Ophthalmology | 2022 | |
| 2022-03-03 | Bausch & Lomb Americas Inc. | $20 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | PROLENSA Drug, Ophthalmology | 2022 | |
| 2022-02-16 | Allergan, Inc. | $21 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | VUITY Drug, OPHTHALMOLOGY | 2022 | |
| 2022-01-11 | BIOTISSUE HOLDINGS INC. | $12 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | PROKERA Device, HUMAN TISSUE PRODUCTS | 2022 | |
| 2021-10-25 | Alcon Vision LLC | $24 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | AcrySof IQ VIVITY IOL Device, Ophthalmology | 2021 | |
| 2021-10-05 | Allergan, Inc. | $17 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | RESTASIS MULTIDOSE Drug, DRY EYE | 2021 | |
| 2021-09-21 | SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. | $17 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | Cequa Drug, Ophthalmology | 2021 | |
| 2021-09-08 | Bausch & Lomb, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC | $16 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | LOTEMAX SM Drug, Ophthalmology | 2021 | |
| 2021-09-07 | Allergan, Inc. | $18 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | RESTASIS MULTIDOSE Drug, DRY EYE | 2021 | |
| 2021-08-19 | Mallinckrodt Hospital Products Inc. | $22 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | ACTHAR Biological, IMMUNOLOGY | 2021 | |
| 2021-08-09 | Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | $21 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | rhopressa Drug, Glaucoma | 2021 | |
| 2021-07-20 | Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation | $20 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | XIIDRA Drug, OPHTHALMOLOGY | 2021 | |
| 2021-07-14 | Ivantis, Inc | $48 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | Hydrus Microstent Device, Ophthalmic Surgery | 2021 | |
| 2021-07-06 | SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. | $17 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | Cequa Drug, Ophthalmology | 2021 | |
| 2021-06-08 | Alcon Vision LLC | $19 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | AcrySof IQ PanOptix Device, Ophthalmology | 2021 | |
| 2021-06-03 | Bausch & Lomb, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC | $23 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | PROLENSA Drug, Ophthalmology | 2021 | |
| 2021-05-12 | Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | $19 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | rocklatan Drug, Glaucoma | 2021 | |
| 2021-03-19 | SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. | $17 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | Cequa Drug, Ophthalmology | 2021 | |
| 2021-03-17 | Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation | $16 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | XIIDRA Drug, OPHTHALMOLOGY | 2021 | |
| 2021-03-08 | Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | $17 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | rhopressa Drug, Glaucoma | 2021 | |
| 2021-03-03 | Bausch & Lomb, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC | $14 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | PROLENSA Drug, Ophthalmology | 2021 | |
| 2021-01-22 | Alcon Vision LLC | $18 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | AcrySof IQ PanOptix Device, Ophthalmology | 2021 | |
| 2020-11-18 | Bausch & Lomb, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC | $22 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | LOTEMAX SM Drug, OPHTHALMOLOGY | 2020 | |
| 2020-10-23 | SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. | $20 | Food and Beverage | Cash or cash equivalent | BROMSITE Drug, Ophthalmology | 2020 | |
| 2020-09-23 | Bausch & Lomb, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC | $20 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | LOTEMAX SM Drug, OPHTHALMOLOGY | 2020 | |
| 2020-08-05 | Sight Sciences, Inc. | $18 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | TearCare Device, Ophthalmology | 2020 | |
| 2020-03-10 | Alcon Vision LLC | $19 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | ORA Device, Ophthalmology | 2020 | |
| 2020-02-28 | Johnson & Johnson Surgical Vision, Inc. | $74 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | 2020 | ||
| 2020-02-25 | Alcon Vision LLC | $14 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | ORA Device, Ophthalmology | 2020 | |
| 2020-02-07 | Dompe US, Inc. | $29 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | Oxervate Drug, Ophthalmic Solution/Drops | 2020 | |
| 2020-02-05 | Sight Sciences, Inc. | $60 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | TearCare Device, Ophthalmology | 2020 | |
| 2019-11-25 | Alcon Vision LLC | $15 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | ORA Device, Ophthalmology | 2019 | |
| 2019-11-20 | Alcon Vision LLC | $20 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | ORA Device, Ophthalmology | 2019 | |
| 2019-11-13 | Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | $22 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | Rhopressa Drug, Glaucoma | 2019 | |
| 2019-11-12 | Alcon Vision LLC | $18 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | ORA Device, Ophthalmology | 2019 | |
| 2019-08-29 | Alcon Vision LLC | $23 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | ORA Device, Ophthalmology | 2019 | |
| 2019-06-12 | Alcon Vision LLC | $10 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | ReSTOR Device, Ophthalmology | 2019 | |
| 2019-06-12 | Alcon Vision LLC | $1 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | ReSTOR Device, Ophthalmology | 2019 | |
| 2019-05-01 | Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation | $19 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | TRAVATAN Z Drug, OPHTHALMOLOGY | 2019 | |
| 2019-04-25 | Alcon Vision LLC | $15 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | ReSTOR Device, Ophthalmology | 2019 | |
| 2019-02-28 | Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation | $14 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | 2019 | ||
| 2019-02-27 | Alcon Vision LLC | $14 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | ReSTOR Device, Ophthalmology | 2019 | |
| 2019-02-16 | Allergan, Inc. | $50 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | RESTASIS Drug, DRY EYE | 2019 | |
| 2019-01-11 | Alcon Vision LLC | $28 | Food and Beverage | In-kind items and services | ACTIVEFOCUS Device, Ophthalmology | 2019 |
CMS Open Payments: payments and transfers of value that drug and medical device makers and group purchasing organizations report to Medicare, program years 2019 on, as published by CMS (general, research and ownership records; refreshed by CMS each June and January). Links to other records on this site are by name (and state) only.
The area Census
County outline, the place (blue), the tract (orange) and the ZIP center (dot).
In Gardner, MA, county Worcester County, MA, state Massachusetts; placed by its city name.
| Measure | Place (city or town) Gardner, MA | County Worcester County, MA | State Massachusetts |
|---|---|---|---|
| Population B01003 | 21,148 | 867,788 | 7,044,056 |
| Population, 2020 census P1 | 21,287 | 862,111 | 7,029,917 |
| Median age B01002 | 43.7 | 40.2 | 40.0 |
| Under 18 B01001 | 18.3% | 20.6% | 19.4% |
| 65 and over B01001 | 19.6% | 17.0% | 17.9% |
| Households B11001 | 8,940 | 335,826 | 2,785,042 |
| Foreign born B05002 | 7.9% | 14.5% | 18.0% |
| Median household income B19013 | $67,518 | $95,939 | $103,960 |
| Median family income B19113 | $80,168 | $119,408 | $131,675 |
| Per capita income B19301 | $37,215 | $48,914 | $57,897 |
| Poverty rate B17001 | 13.7% | 10.3% | 10.0% |
| Unemployment rate B23025 | 7.0% | 5.3% | 5.2% |
| Civilian labor force B23025 | 10,355 | 471,761 | 3,911,446 |
| Mean commute (minutes) B08013 | 30.5 | 29.2 | 29.1 |
| Bachelor's degree or higher B15003 | 23.8% | 39.7% | 47.3% |
| Housing units B25001 | 9,488 | 355,185 | 3,030,406 |
| Owner-occupied B25003 | 58.9% | 65.8% | 62.5% |
| Renters B25003 | 41.1% | 34.2% | 37.5% |
| Median home value B25077 | $301,600 | $423,700 | $562,100 |
| Median gross rent B25064 | $1,109 | $1,426 | $1,762 |
| White, not Hispanic B03002 | 77.6% | 70.3% | 66.6% |
| Black B03002 | 4.0% | 4.8% | 6.4% |
| Hispanic or Latino B03002 | 10.7% | 13.7% | 13.3% |
| Asian B03002 | 2.4% | 5.3% | 7.3% |
| American Indian and Alaska Native B03002 | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% |
Economy now FRED unemployment 4.3% in Sep 2026 (4.6% a year earlier); per capita personal income $98,700 in 2025, up 27% in five years (+2.3% after inflation); the state; Source: FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Data: IPUMS NHGIS (ACS 2020-2024 and the 2020 census); each figure links to its table for that area at data.census.gov. Records are placed by ZIP code and city name, not street address. More: everything FURP has in Gardner, MA.
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