SPARC PHILADELPHIA

Reduce your risk when donating: see where the money actually goes.

Cite this

Plain text SPARC PHILADELPHIA. furp.org, nonprofit organization profile, tax years 2010–2024. https://furp.org/org/sparc-philadelphia-264277598. Retrieved 2026-11-05.

APA furp.org. (n.d.). SPARC PHILADELPHIA [Nonprofit organization profile; tax years 2010–2024]. Retrieved November 5, 2026, from https://furp.org/org/sparc-philadelphia-264277598

MLA “SPARC PHILADELPHIA.” furp.org, tax years 2010–2024, https://furp.org/org/sparc-philadelphia-264277598. Accessed 5 Nov. 2026.

Retrieved 2026-11-05; covers tax years 2010–2024. Data: furp.org, CC BY 4.0.

2024 · Form 990 · revenue $2.1M · expenses $1.7M · assets $11.2M

EIN
26-4277598
Address
2350 W WESTMORELAND ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19140-4718
Website
WWW.SPARCPHILLY.ORG
NTEE code
P11 Single Organization Support (Human Services) published (IRS Business Master File)
Exempt type
501(c)(3): charitable, religious, educational, scientific or literary (corporation)
Ruling date
April 2009 (when the IRS recognized its exemption)
IRS status
Exempt (unconditional) (IRS Business Master File) IRS data ↗
Tax-deductible donations
Yes: listed in IRS Publication 78 (supporting organization) Pub 78 ↗
Foundation status
Supporting organization, 509(a)(3)
Cross-check
ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer

Mission

SPARC PHILADELPHIA OPERATES AS THE FINANCIAL MANAGER FOR THE ARC OF PHILADELPHIA AND SPARC SERVICES WHICH PROVIDE SERVICES TO INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES TO HELP THEM ACHIEVE INDEPENDENCE THROUGH CHOICE, SELF-DETERMINATION, INCLUSION AND COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS.

Each tax year counts once: when a return was amended, only the latest return for that period is used below (superseded returns stay listed, greyed, under Finances).

People paid by the organization

8 people paid across every filing: current people first, then by total pay from this organization. Organizations counts every nonprofit each person appears on.

NameLatest titleYearsLatest year payTotal pay from hereOrganizations
Nofre Vaquer CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER2012-2024 $208,005$1,885,653 3
lee gutkin controller2021-2024 $113,116$341,071 3
mia mcguire CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER2022-2024 $143,469$252,968 3
Laura Princiotta (former) CEO (RETIRED 07/01/23)2011-2023 $145,760$2,085,240 3
Gina D'Alessandro Fleming (former) CONTROLLER UNTIL 9/8/212016-2021 $76,937$527,597 3
Christine Ostrowski (former) CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER2012-2014 $104,716$245,199 3
J Bruce Hulick (former) EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR2010-2011 $144,389$144,389 3
Michael Plunkett (former) CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER2015 $40,204$40,204 3

Officers and directors, no compensation reported

18 people listed on the returns with $0 (or no amount) in every compensation column: current people first. Hours are as filed on the latest return each person appears on.

NameLatest titleYearsHrs/wk (latest)CompensationOrganizations
reginald FULLER PRESIDENT2012-2024 2 $0 reported 1
DAVID Bright TREASURER2014-2024 2 $0 reported 2
Ann Cosfol SECRETARY2012-2024 1 $0 reported 2
Norma Carter BOARD MEMBER2010-2024 1 $0 reported 3
Roy DiAMOND BOARD MEMBER2017-2024 1 $0 reported 2
Margie Gardner BOARD MEMBER2017-2024 1 $0 reported 2
Michael Weingram BOARD MEMBER2013-2024 1 $0 reported 2
Ken Oakes BOARD MEMBER2010-2024 1 $0 reported 2
Paul W Berenato Sr (former) PRESIDENT2010-2016 2 $0 reported 1
Matthew Hagarty (former) BOARD MEMBER2012-2016 1 $0 reported 1
Nicholas Quercetti (former) BOARD MEMBER2013-2016 1 $0 reported 3
Heather Giordanella (former) BOARD MEMBER2010-2016 1 $0 reported 1
Judith Gran Until 53015 (former) BOARD MEMBER2014 1 $0 reported 1
Judith Gran Esq (former) BOARD MEMBER2013 2 $0 reported 2
David Bright 6114 - 63014 (former) BOARD MEMBER2013 2 $0 reported 1
Nick Quercetti (former) BOARD MEMBER2010-2012 1 $0 reported 1
Judy Gran Esq (former) BOARD MEMBER2010-2012 1 $0 reported 2
Scott Schwartz Esq (former) BOARD MEMBER2010-2011 1 $0 reported 1

People by year

2024 · 11 people listed · 3 paid, $465K · 15 employees · 8 volunteers
NameTitleHrs/wkFrom orgFrom relatedOtherTotalOrgs
NOFRE VAQUER CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER8 $32,109$128,435$47,461 $208,0053
Mia MCGuire CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER8 $26,377$105,507$11,585 $143,4693
lee gutkin controller8 $19,265$77,060$16,791 $113,1163
reginald FULLER PRESIDENT2 $0$0$0 $01
david BRIGHT TREASURER2 $0$0$0 $02
ANN COSFOL SECRETARY1 $0$0$0 $02
NORMA CARTER BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $03
roy Diamond BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
Margie Gardner BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
MICHAEL WEINGRAM BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
Ken Oakes BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
2023 · 11 people listed · 3 paid, $447K · 12 employees · 8 volunteers
NameTitleHrs/wkFrom orgFrom relatedOtherTotalOrgs
NOFRE VAQUER CEO8 $0$150,141$45,241 $195,3823
LAURA PRINCIOTTA CEO (RETIRED 07/01/23)8 $0$134,193$11,567 $145,7603
lee gutkin controller8 $0$91,970$13,789 $105,7593
reginald FULLER PRESIDENT2 $0$0$0 $01
david BRIGHT TREASURER2 $0$0$0 $02
ANN COSFOL SECRETARY1 $0$0$0 $02
NORMA CARTER BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $03
roy Diamond BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
Margie Gardner BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
MICHAEL WEINGRAM BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
Ken Oakes BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
2022 · 12 people listed · 4 paid, $565K · 11 employees · 8 volunteers
NameTitleHrs/wkFrom orgFrom relatedOtherTotalOrgs
LAURA PRINCIOTTA CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER8 $32,954$131,815$16,810 $181,5793
NOFRE VAQUER CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER8 $28,114$112,455$39,616 $180,1853
MIA MCGUIRE SENIOR PROGRAM DIRECTOR8 $20,705$82,820$5,974 $109,4993
LEE GUTKIN CONTROLLER8 $16,368$65,474$12,280 $94,1223
REGINALD FULLER PRESIDENT2 $0$0$0 $01
DAVID BRIGHT TREASURER2 $0$0$0 $02
ANN COSFOL SECRETARY1 $0$0$0 $02
NORMA CARTER BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $03
ROY DIAMOND BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
MARGIE GARDNER BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
MICHAEL WEINGRAM BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
KEN OAKES BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
2021 · 12 people listed · 4 paid, $475K · 12 employees · 8 volunteers
NameTitleHrs/wkFrom orgFrom relatedOtherTotalOrgs
LAURA PRINCIOTTA CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER8 $32,923$131,692$20,634 $185,2493
NOFRE VAQUER CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER8 $28,164$112,655$44,017 $184,8363
GINA D'ALESSANDRO FLEMING CONTROLLER UNTIL 9/8/218 $14,453$57,812$4,672 $76,9373
LEE GUTKIN CONTROLLER EFF. 9/8/218 $5,283$21,133$1,658 $28,0743
REGINALD FULLER PRESIDENT2 $0$0$0 $01
DAVID BRIGHT TREASURER2 $0$0$0 $02
ANN COSFOL SECRETARY1 $0$0$0 $02
NORMA CARTER BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $03
ROY DIAMOND BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
MARGIE GARDNER BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
MICHAEL WEINGRAM BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
KEN OAKES BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
2020 · 11 people listed · 3 paid, $482K · 12 employees · 8 volunteers
NameTitleHrs/wkFrom orgFrom relatedOtherTotalOrgs
LAURA PRINCIOTTA CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER8 $33,673$134,694$22,102 $190,4693
NOFRE VAQUER CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER8 $29,533$118,131$42,660 $190,3243
GINA D'ALESSANDRO FLEMING CONTROLLER8 $19,013$76,052$5,704 $100,7693
REGINALD FULLER PRESIDENT2 $0$0$0 $01
DAVID BRIGHT TREASURER2 $0$0$0 $02
ANN COSFOL SECRETARY2 $0$0$0 $02
NORMA CARTER BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $03
ROY DIAMOND BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
MARGIE GARDNER BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
MICHAEL WEINGRAM BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
KEN OAKES BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
2019 · 11 people listed · 3 paid, $476K · 12 employees · 8 volunteers
NameTitleHrs/wkFrom orgFrom relatedOtherTotalOrgs
LAURA PRINCIOTTA CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER8 $33,674$134,695$19,791 $188,1603
NOFRE VAQUER CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER8 $29,533$118,131$39,465 $187,1293
GINA D'ALESSANDRO FLEMING CONTROLLER8 $19,013$76,053$5,577 $100,6433
REGINALD FULLER PRESIDENT2 $0$0$0 $01
DAVID BRIGHT TREASURER2 $0$0$0 $02
ANN COSFOL SECRETARY2 $0$0$0 $02
NORMA CARTER BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $03
ROY DIAMOND BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
MARGIE GARDNER BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
MICHAEL WEINGRAM BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
KEN OAKES BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
2018 · 11 people listed · 3 paid, $387K · 12 employees · 8 volunteers
NameTitleHrs/wkFrom orgFrom relatedOtherTotalOrgs
LAURA PRINCIOTTA CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER8 $30,824$123,295$18,246 $172,3653
NOFRE VAQUER CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER8 $21,466$85,864$15,310 $122,6403
GINA D'ALESSANDRO FLEMING CONTROLLER8 $17,218$68,873$6,062 $92,1533
REGINALD FULLER PRESIDENT2 $0$0$0 $01
DAVID BRIGHT TREASURER2 $0$0$0 $02
ANN COSFOL SECRETARY2 $0$0$0 $02
NORMA CARTER BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $03
ROY DIAMOND BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
MARGIE GARDNER BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
MICHAEL WEINGRAM BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
KEN OAKES BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
2017 · 11 people listed · 3 paid, $383K · 15 employees · 8 volunteers
NameTitleHrs/wkFrom orgFrom relatedOtherTotalOrgs
LAURA PRINCIOTTA CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER8 $29,914$119,656$30,685 $180,2553
NOFRE VAQUER CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER8 $20,978$83,911$20,211 $125,1003
GINA D'ALESSANDRO FLEMING CONTROLLER8 $14,586$58,344$4,344 $77,2743
REGINALD FULLER PRESIDENT2 $0$0$0 $01
DAVID BRIGHT TREASURER2 $0$0$0 $02
ANN COSFOL SECRETARY2 $0$0$0 $02
NORMA CARTER BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $03
ROY DIAMOND BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
MARGIE GARDNER BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
MICHAEL WEINGRAM BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
KEN OAKES BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
2016 · 12 people listed · 3 paid, $376K · 16 employees · 25 volunteers
NameTitleHrs/wkFrom orgFrom relatedOtherTotalOrgs
LAURA PRINCIOTTA CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER8 $28,508$114,031$30,215 $172,7543
NOFRE VAQUER CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER8 $20,234$80,935$22,705 $123,8743
GINA FLEMING CONTROLLER8 $15,068$60,270$4,483 $79,8213
PAUL W BERENATO SR PRESIDENT2 $0$0$0 $01
REGINALD FULLER TREASURER2 $0$0$0 $01
ANN COSFOL SECRETARY2 $0$0$0 $02
NORMA CARTER BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $03
MATTHEW HAGARTY BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $01
NICHOLAS QUERCETTI BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $03
MICHAEL WEINGRAM BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
DAVID BRIGHT BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
HEATHER GIORDANELLA BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $01
2015 · 12 people listed · 3 paid, $306K · 19 employees · 18 volunteers
NameTitleHrs/wkFrom orgFrom relatedOtherTotalOrgs
LAURA PRINCIOTTA CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER8 $28,523$114,091$15,478 $158,0923
NOFRE VAQUER CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER8 $19,025$76,099$12,605 $107,7293
MICHAEL PLUNKETT CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER8 $6,436$25,744$8,024 $40,2043
PAUL W BERENATO SR PRESIDENT2 $0$0$0 $01
REGINALD FULLER TREASURER2 $0$0$0 $01
ANN COSFOL SECRETARY2 $0$0$0 $02
NORMA CARTER BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $03
MATTHEW HAGARTY BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $01
NICHOLAS QUERCETTI BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $03
MICHAEL WEINGRAM BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
DAVID BRIGHT BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
HEATHER GIORDANELLA BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $01
2014 · 13 people listed · 3 paid, $366K · 15 employees · 15 volunteers
NameTitleHrs/wkFrom orgFrom relatedOtherTotalOrgs
LAURA PRINCIOTTA CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER8 $27,224$108,896$22,169 $158,2893
CHRISTINE OSTROWSKI CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER8 $20,132$80,528$4,056 $104,7163
NOFRE VAQUER CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER8 $16,644$66,577$19,607 $102,8283
PAUL W BERENATO SR PRESIDENT2 $0$0$0 $01
REGINALD FULLER TREASURER2 $0$0$0 $01
ANN COSFOL SECRETARY2 $0$0$0 $02
NORMA CARTER ESQ BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $03
MATTHEW HAGARTY BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $01
NICHOLAS QUERCETTI BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $03
MICHAEL WEINGRAM BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
DAVID BRIGHT BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
JUDITH GRAN UNTIL 53015 BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $01
HEATHER GIORDANELLA BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $01
2013 · 12 people listed · 3 paid, $318K · 10 employees · 9 volunteers
NameTitleHrs/wkFrom orgFrom relatedOtherTotalOrgs
LAURA PRINCIOTTA CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER8 $26,620$106,478$13,618 $146,7163
CHRISTINE OSTROWSKI CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER8 $17,901$71,603$624 $90,1283
NOFRE VAQUER CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER8 $14,105$56,418$10,701 $81,2243
PAUL W BERENATO SR PRESIDENT2 $0$0$0 $01
REGINALD FULLER TREASURER2 $0$0$0 $01
ANN COSFOL SECRETARY2 $0$0$0 $02
NORMA CARTER ESQ BOARD MEMBER2 $0$0$0 $03
JUDITH GRAN ESQ BOARD MEMBER2 $0$0$0 $02
MATTHEW HAGARTY BOARD MEMBER2 $0$0$0 $01
NICHOLAS QUERCETTI BOARD MEMBER2 $0$0$0 $03
MICHAEL WEINGRAM BOARD MEMBER2 $0$0$0 $02
DAVID BRIGHT 6114 - 63014 BOARD MEMBER2 $0$0$0 $01
2012 · 12 people listed · 3 paid, $235K · 0 employees · 9 volunteers
NameTitleHrs/wkFrom orgFrom relatedOtherTotalOrgs
LAURA PRINCIOTTA CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER8 $18,739$74,958$14,627 $108,3243
NOFRE VAQUER CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER8 $12,926$51,704$11,767 $76,3973
CHRISTINE OSTROWSKI CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER8 $9,945$39,782$628 $50,3553
PAUL W BERENATO SR PRESIDENT1 $0$0$0 $01
NORMA CARTER ESQ BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $03
KEN OAKES BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
NICK QUERCETTI BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $01
JUDY GRAN ESQ BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
ANN COSFOL BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
HEATHER GIORDANELLA ESQ BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $01
REGINALD FULLER BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $01
MATTHEW HAGARTY BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $01
2011 · 9 people listed · 2 paid, $242K · 0 employees · 7 volunteers
NameTitleHrs/wkFrom orgFrom relatedOtherTotalOrgs
J BRUCE HULICK EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR2 $0$136,826$7,563 $144,3893
LAURA PRINCIOTTA ACTING CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER2 $0$86,171$11,057 $97,2283
PAUL BERENATO SR PRESIDENT1 $0$0$0 $01
NORMA CARTER ESQ BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $03
KEN OAKES BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
NICK QUERCETTI BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $01
JUDY GRAN ESQ BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $02
SCOTT SCHWARTZ ESQ BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $01
HEATHER GIORDANELLA ESQ BOARD MEMBER1 $0$0$0 $01
2010 · 8 people listed · none paid
NameTitleHrs/wkFrom orgFrom relatedOtherTotalOrgs
PAUL BERENATO SR PRESIDENT1 $0-$0 $01
NORMA CARTER ESQ BOARD MEMBER1 $0-$0 $03
KEN OAKES BOARD MEMBER1 $0-$0 $02
NICK QUERCETTI BOARD MEMBER1 $0-$0 $01
JUDY GRAN ESQ BOARD MEMBER1 $0-$0 $02
SCOTT SCHWARTZ ESQ BOARD MEMBER1 $0-$0 $01
HEATHER GIORDANELLA ESQ BOARD MEMBER1 $0-$0 $01
J BRUCE HULICK EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR5 $0-$0 $03

Highest-paid independent contractors

No independent contractors reported.

Who gave

Contributor names are not public for this form type.

Public charities filing Form 990 or 990-EZ report large donors on Schedule B, but the IRS withholds their names and addresses from public copies. Private foundations (990-PF) are different: their contributors are public.

Finances

Newest first. Each filing: its name on one row, its figures on the row beneath. Greyed filings are superseded by a later return for the same period and are left out everywhere else on this page.

RevenueExpensesAssetsNet assetsContributionsProgram revenueOfficer payEmployeesVolunteers
2024 · Form 990 period ending 2025-06-30 · view filing · original 990 ↗
$2,111,470$1,749,395 $11,229,912$7,173,868 $76,164$1,669,652 $96,147158
2023 · Form 990 period ending 2024-06-30 · view filing · original 990 ↗
$1,948,422$1,636,377 $10,594,470$6,553,924 $72,853$1,636,912 $74,701128
2022 · Form 990 period ending 2023-06-30 · view filing · original 990 ↗
$1,848,637$1,645,759 $9,973,380$6,009,351 $68,739$1,604,816 $98,397118
2021 · Form 990 period ending 2022-06-30 · view filing · original 990 ↗
$2,320,083$1,557,468 $8,453,924$5,778,643 $446,049$1,573,351 $96,151128
2020 · Form 990 period ending 2021-06-30 · view filing · original 990 ↗
$2,257,481$1,488,893 $5,950,657$5,798,646 $449,144$1,573,351 $94,349128
2019 · Form 990 period ending 2020-06-30 · view filing · original 990 ↗
$1,625,007$1,641,779 $4,791,173$4,478,914 $72,927$1,573,349 $91,244128
2018 · Form 990 period ending 2019-06-30 · view filing · original 990 ↗
$1,695,478$1,673,322 $4,583,737$4,451,340 $73,495$1,563,559 $81,639128
2017 · Form 990 period ending 2018-06-30 · view filing · original 990 ↗
$1,775,981$1,540,196 $4,420,665$4,305,888 $51,743$1,528,558 $74,160158
2016 · Form 990 period ending 2017-06-30 · view filing · original 990 ↗
$1,694,951$1,366,770 $4,202,387$4,097,728 $71,877$1,528,559 $77,0511625
2015 · Form 990 period ending 2016-06-30 · view filing · original 990 ↗
$1,613,954$1,489,365 $3,748,329$3,608,138 $63,932$1,646,814 $76,9571918
2014 · Form 990 period ending 2015-06-30 · view filing · original 990 ↗
$1,993,505$1,370,163 $3,685,833$3,474,356 $190,617$1,730,001 $77,9171515
2013 · Form 990 period ending 2014-06-30 · view filing · original 990 ↗
$1,148,558$948,565 $3,041,290$2,930,922 $60,744$1,020,000 $65,807109
2012 · Form 990 period ending 2013-06-30 · view filing · original 990 ↗
$129,611$177,672 $2,334,376$2,334,167 $44,255$0 $54,31709
2011 · Form 990 period ending 2012-06-30 · view filing · original 990 ↗
$20,523$3,469 $3,014,634$2,312,900 $0$0 $007
2010 · Form 990EZ period ending 2011-06-30 · view filing · original 990 ↗
-- $0$0 $0- ---

Connected to

Organizations that list some of the same people on their returns (officers, directors, key employees on this organization’s latest return), and related organizations it lists on Schedule R.

Funders of this organization

3 grantors reported grants to this organization, $69,100 in all, tax years 2017 to 2023. Exact: the grantor wrote this organization's EIN. Fuzzy: the grantor wrote only a name (foundations' 990-PF has no EIN field), matched to the same or a near-identical name in the same state; the name as filed is shown. From the latest return for each grantor and year, so amended returns aren't counted twice. CSV

GrantorTypeMatchYears givenGrantsTotalLatest yearLatest year's amountGrants
PHILADELPHIA FOUNDATION DAF sponsor Exact 2017 1$30,000 2017$30,000
show
MUTUAL OF AMERICA FOUNDATION Private foundation Fuzzy filed as “SpArc Philadelphia” 2018 1$25,000 2018$25,000
show
PHILADELPHIA CITY FUND INC Public charity Exact 2023 1$14,100 2023$14,100
show

Nearby + Similar BETA

Organizations like this one: what they do and who they are linked to

Same category: NTEE code and revenue

Ranked without any AI: same NTEE code first, then the same NTEE group; then revenue within 2x, 5x or 10x; then the same state; then similar name and mission text. Same state only · More (100)

OrganizationStateNTEELatest revenueLatest expensesTop-paid titleTop payWhy similar
PBA PRODUCTS & SERVICES INCPAP11 $1,460,418$1,437,819 PRESIDENT$308,414 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x, same state
STONERIDGE RETIREMENT LIVING COMMUNITIES INCPAP11 $4,090,642$4,103,396 President CEO$489,942 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x, same state
2800 AMERICAN STREET COMPANYPAP11 $1,182,869$1,299,271 MEMBER$248,571 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x, same state
ALLENTOWN RESCUE MISSION FOUNDATIONPAP11 $2,448,046$959,698 CEO$153,846 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x, same state
COMMONWEALTH PREVENTION ALLIANCEPAP11 $1,192,441$1,114,844 EXECUTIVE DI$87,533 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x, same state
WILLOW VALLEY COMMUNITIES CHARITABLE FOUNDATIONPAP11 $2,653,507$442,333 EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR$115,883 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x, same state
SPARK CAPITALNEP11 $1,944,808$684,512 CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER$148,980 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x
VITA-LIVING FOUNDATIONTXP11 $4,112,419$483,575 EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR$198,163 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x, similar mission
CENTER FOR DEVELOPMENTAL SERVICES D-B-A CDSSCP11 $3,459,013$2,884,130 EXEC DIR TI$101,853 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x, similar mission
THE ARC DAVIDSON COUNTY & GREATER NASHVILLETNP11 $3,723,931$3,615,703 EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR$123,482 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x
COMMUNITY OPTIONS FOUNDATION INCNJP11 $2,285,762$502,141 CHAIRMAN/CEO$2,609,137 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x
TEXAS PYTHIAN HOME FOUNDATIONTXP11 $3,529,099$2,287,665 PRESIDENT$0 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x
LJD JFCS FOUNDATION INCFLP11 $1,135,043$55,670 CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER$253,312 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x
CAROLINA MEADOWS SENIOR COMMUNITIES & SERVICES INCNCP11 $2,459,988$1,310,380 PRESIDENT AND CEO$485,562 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x
LUTHER HOME OF MERCY FOUNDATIONOHP11 $2,587,550$1,410,099 EXCECUTIVE DIRECTOR$169,370 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x
CEDAR LAKE FOUNDATION INCKYP11 $4,016,543$1,865,776 PRESIDENT AND CEO$282,322 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x
FAMILY & CHILDRENS SERVICES INC ENDOWMENT TROKP11 $1,746,310$1,159,655 TRUSTEE/CEO$562,635 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x
YOUTH AND FAMILY SERVICES FOUNDATIONSDP11 $1,072,240$254,928 CFO$109,569 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x
NATIONAL VETERAN OWNED BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONKYP11 $1,694,585$1,271,737 PRESIDENT & CEO$170,583 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x
CPD REAL ESTATE HOLDINGS INCTXP11 $1,635,592$323,650 CHAIR$238,450 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x
CHILDRENS VILLAGE INSTITUTENYP11 $1,065,574$1,433,548 PRESIDENT AND CEO$713,413 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x
BOYD ANDREW MANAGEMENT SERVICESMTP11 $1,990,299$1,809,790 CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER$239,026 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x
REACH COLUMBUS INCINP11 $1,383,337$1,376,009 VICE PRESIDE$44,060 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x
HOSPICE FOUNDATION OF PALM BEACH COUNTY INCFLP11 $3,172,832$1,211,502 CHAIRMAN/PRESIDENT$0 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x
HORSEPOWER FOUNDATIONNCP11 $1,512,685$60,611 DIRECTOR$0 Same NTEE code P11, revenue within 2x

Who funds organizations like this

Grantors that funded the 100 most similar organizations. Ranked by total given to them. Foundations (990-PF) and donor-advised fund sponsors only. Same matching as Funders above (by EIN, or by name for foundations).

GrantorTypeTotal givenGrantsOrganizations fundedYearsWhich ones
FIDELITY INVESTMENTS CHARITABLE GIFT FUND DAF sponsor$10,403,228138 312016–2024 EPISCOPAL RETIREMENT SERVICES FOUNDATION; COLLABORATIVE FOR CHILDREN; CRADLE FOUNDATION; GIRLS INCORPORATED OF SAN ANTONIO and 27 more
THE CHICAGO COMMUNITY TRUST DAF sponsor$7,301,75019 62016–2024 SERVICESOURCE FOUNDATION INC; OLIVEWOOD GARDENS & LEARNING CENTER INC; CRADLE FOUNDATION; FAMILY SHELTER SERVICE INC and 2 more
AMERICAN ONLINE GIVING FOUNDATION INC DAF sponsor$2,834,40565 172019–2025 GIRLS INCORPORATED OF SAN ANTONIO; GREENWOOD PROJECT; CHILDRENS VILLAGE INSTITUTE; SEATTLE LIGHTHOUSE FOR THE BLIND FOUNDATION and 13 more
AMERICAN ENDOWMENT FOUNDATION DAF sponsor$2,542,88434 122016–2024 COLLABORATIVE FOR CHILDREN; LOVE LIKE YOU MEAN IT INTL; ROGUE VALLEY MANOR MEMORIAL FOUNDATION; METROPOLITAN MINISTRIES FOUNDATION INC and 8 more
GREATER HOUSTON COMMUNITY FOUNDATION DAF sponsor$2,541,408123 32010–2024 COLLABORATIVE FOR CHILDREN; GIRLS INCORPORATED OF SAN ANTONIO; VITA-LIVING FOUNDATION
DONOR ADVISED CHARITABLE GIVING DAF sponsor$2,526,886105 282014–2024 FREESTORE-FOODBANK FOUNDATION; COMMUNITY HOSPICE FOUNDATION; SERVICESOURCE FOUNDATION INC; CRADLE FOUNDATION and 24 more
HOUSTON ENDOWMENT INC Private foundation$2,300,0009 12018–2024 COLLABORATIVE FOR CHILDREN
THE SAN DIEGO FOUNDATION DAF sponsor$1,966,99812 12011–2024 OLIVEWOOD GARDENS & LEARNING CENTER INC
NATIONAL PHILANTHROPIC TR DAF sponsor$1,867,47743 152014–2024 SERVICESOURCE FOUNDATION INC; METROPOLITAN MINISTRIES FOUNDATION INC; COLLABORATIVE FOR CHILDREN; FAMILY SHELTER SERVICE INC and 11 more
SAN ANTONIO AREA FOUNDATION DAF sponsor$1,849,25611 12014–2023 GIRLS INCORPORATED OF SAN ANTONIO
THE JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER WASHINGTON INC DAF sponsor$1,813,23830 12009–2024 THE GREATER WASHINGTON JEWISH COALITION AGAINST DOMESTIC ABUSE
SHERWOOD FOUNDATION Private foundation$1,498,0623 12021–2025 SPARK CAPITAL
NATIONAL CHRISTIAN CHARITABLE FOUNDATION DAF sponsor$1,307,50036 132012–2024 METROPOLITAN MINISTRIES FOUNDATION INC; WILLOW VALLEY COMMUNITIES CHARITABLE FOUNDATION; FOUNDATIONS FOR HOPE INC; POOR HANDMAIDS OF JESUS CHRIST FOUNDATION and 9 more
THE POWELL FOUNDATION Private foundation$1,216,9163 12021–2025 COLLABORATIVE FOR CHILDREN
CDV5 FOUNDATION Private foundation$1,105,0004 12020–2023 ENVISION FOUNDATION INC

The full list · all similar organizations

Where the money went

Every expense line on each return, biggest first: Form 990 Part IX (with its program, management and fundraising columns), 990-EZ Part I, or 990-PF Part I. Event marks lines the organization itself describes as events. “Events” in each summary adds those lines, conferences and meetings, and the direct costs of fundraising events. Unusual is not the same as improper. Many of these patterns have ordinary explanations. Check the filing.

2024 · Form 990 · $1,749,395 spent · pay $1,127,159 · grants $0 · events $28,530
LineAs describedTotalProgramManagementFundraisingShare
Other salaries and wages $853,208$213,302$639,906- 48.8%
Occupancy $332,887$83,222$249,665- 19.0%
Office expenses $114,293$28,573$85,720- 6.5%
Pay: officers, directors, trustees, key employees $96,147$24,037$72,110- 5.5%
Payroll taxes $69,755$17,439$52,316- 4.0%
Other employee benefits $66,587$16,647$49,940- 3.8%
Depreciation and depletion $60,104$15,026$45,078- 3.4%
Pension plan contributions $41,462$10,365$31,097- 2.4%
Other (as described)MISCELLANEOUS $32,684$7,009$16,753$8,922 1.9%
Fees: other services $30,472$11,980$18,492- 1.7%
Fees: investment management $29,803-$29,803- 1.7%
Fees: accounting $17,387-$17,387- 1.0%
Travel $4,546$1,136$3,410- 0.3%
Fees: legal $60-$60- 0.0%
Fundraising events Eventdirect expenses; gross income $28,160$28,530reported apart
Total$1,749,395100%

View the filing

2023 · Form 990 · $1,636,377 spent · pay $1,009,202 · grants $0 · events $25,744
LineAs describedTotalProgramManagementFundraisingShare
Other salaries and wages $752,195$188,048$564,147- 46.0%
Occupancy $321,061$80,265$240,796- 19.6%
Office expenses $102,978$25,744$77,234- 6.3%
Depreciation and depletion $89,072$22,268$66,804- 5.4%
Other employee benefits $86,056$21,513$64,543- 5.3%
Pay: officers, directors, trustees, key employees $74,701$18,675$56,026- 4.6%
Payroll taxes $63,149$15,787$47,362- 3.9%
Pension plan contributions $33,101$8,275$24,826- 2.0%
Fees: other services $26,280$15,769$10,511- 1.6%
Fees: accounting $25,000-$25,000- 1.5%
Other (as described)MISCELLANEOUS $22,767$12,129$7,224$3,414 1.4%
Fees: investment management $20,786-$20,786- 1.3%
Fees: legal $11,795-$11,795- 0.7%
Travel $7,436$1,859$5,577- 0.5%
Fundraising events Eventdirect expenses; gross income $19,486$25,744reported apart
Total$1,636,377100%

View the filing

2022 · Form 990 · $1,645,759 spent · pay $1,062,376 · grants $0 · events $40,795
LineAs describedTotalProgramManagementFundraisingShare
Other salaries and wages $638,608$159,652$478,956- 38.8%
Occupancy $284,813$71,203$213,610- 17.3%
Other employee benefits $228,415$57,103$171,312- 13.9%
Depreciation and depletion $112,298$28,074$84,224- 6.8%
Pay: officers, directors, trustees, key employees $98,397$24,599$73,798- 6.0%
Office expenses $88,261$22,086$66,175- 5.4%
Payroll taxes $59,465$14,866$44,599- 3.6%
Fees: other services $38,214$9,553$28,661- 2.3%
Pension plan contributions $37,491$9,373$28,118- 2.3%
Fees: investment management $24,778-$24,778- 1.5%
Other (as described) EventEVENTS $15,742--$15,742 1.0%
Other (as described)MISC $13,571$13,571-- 0.8%
Travel $5,706$1,358$4,348- 0.3%
Fundraising events Eventdirect expenses; gross income $31,550$25,053reported apart
Total$1,645,759100%

View the filing

2021 · Form 990 · $1,557,468 spent · pay $1,026,541 · grants $0 · events $25,053
LineAs describedTotalProgramManagementFundraisingShare
Other salaries and wages $608,782$152,195$456,587- 39.1%
Occupancy $257,416$64,354$193,062- 16.5%
Other employee benefits $224,180$56,045$168,135- 14.4%
Depreciation and depletion $122,533$30,633$91,900- 7.9%
Pay: officers, directors, trustees, key employees $96,151$24,038$72,113- 6.2%
Office expenses $88,383$22,308$66,075- 5.7%
Payroll taxes $58,383$14,596$43,787- 3.7%
Pension plan contributions $39,045$9,761$29,284- 2.5%
Fees: investment management $26,463-$26,463- 1.7%
Fees: other services $25,257$6,314$18,943- 1.6%
Other (as described)MISC $8,717$8,231-$486 0.6%
Travel $2,158$539$1,619- 0.1%
Fundraising events Eventdirect expenses; gross income $28,318$25,053reported apart
Total$1,557,468100%

View the filing

2020 · Form 990 · $1,488,893 spent · pay $906,288 · grants $0 · events $0
LineAs describedTotalProgramManagementFundraisingShare
Other salaries and wages $591,648$147,912$443,736- 39.7%
Occupancy $248,621$62,155$186,466- 16.7%
Other employee benefits $165,556$41,389$124,167- 11.1%
Depreciation and depletion $121,417$30,354$91,063- 8.2%
Office expenses $98,798$24,699$74,099- 6.6%
Pay: officers, directors, trustees, key employees $94,349$23,587$70,762- 6.3%
Other (as described)MISC $65,375$25,371$38,612$1,392 4.4%
Pension plan contributions $39,852$9,963$29,889- 2.7%
Fees: investment management $26,733-$26,733- 1.8%
Fees: other services $20,894$5,223$15,671- 1.4%
Payroll taxes $14,883$3,721$11,162- 1.0%
Travel $767$192$575- 0.1%
Total$1,488,893100%

View the filing

2019 · Form 990 · $1,641,779 spent · pay $982,521 · grants $0 · events $28,774
LineAs describedTotalProgramManagementFundraisingShare
Other salaries and wages $623,169$155,792$467,377- 38.0%
Occupancy $283,356$70,839$212,517- 17.3%
Other employee benefits $182,724$45,681$137,043- 11.1%
Office expenses $143,128$35,782$107,346- 8.7%
Depreciation and depletion $122,135$30,534$91,601- 7.4%
Pay: officers, directors, trustees, key employees $91,244$22,811$68,433- 5.6%
Payroll taxes $54,432$13,608$40,824- 3.3%
Fees: other services $47,401$11,850$35,551- 2.9%
Other (as described)MISC $32,561$3,661$10,985$17,915 2.0%
Pension plan contributions $30,952$7,738$23,214- 1.9%
Fees: investment management $24,725-$24,725- 1.5%
Travel $5,952$1,488$4,464- 0.4%
Fundraising events Eventdirect expenses; gross income $25,554$28,774reported apart
Total$1,641,779100%

View the filing

2018 · Form 990 · $1,673,322 spent · pay $944,416 · grants $0 · events $27,500
LineAs describedTotalProgramManagementFundraisingShare
Other salaries and wages $603,149$150,787$452,362- 36.0%
Occupancy $342,515$85,629$256,886- 20.5%
Other employee benefits $176,905$44,226$132,679- 10.6%
Office expenses $143,806$35,951$107,855- 8.6%
Pay: officers, directors, trustees, key employees $81,639$20,410$61,229- 4.9%
Depreciation and depletion $79,070$19,767$59,303- 4.7%
Other (as described)MISC $71,532$5,477$16,433$49,622 4.3%
Fees: other services $53,580$13,395$40,185- 3.2%
Payroll taxes $52,469$13,117$39,352- 3.1%
Pension plan contributions $30,254$7,563$22,691- 1.8%
Fees: investment management $23,860-$23,860- 1.4%
Travel $14,543$3,636$10,907- 0.9%
Fundraising events Eventdirect expenses; gross income $27,500$27,500reported apart
Total$1,673,322100%

View the filing

2017 · Form 990 · $1,540,196 spent · pay $885,694 · grants $0 · events $33,053
LineAs describedTotalProgramManagementFundraisingShare
Other salaries and wages $563,148$140,787$422,361- 36.6%
Occupancy $283,221$70,805$212,416- 18.4%
Office expenses $169,979$42,495$127,484- 11.0%
Other employee benefits $162,293$40,573$121,720- 10.5%
Pay: officers, directors, trustees, key employees $74,160$18,540$55,620- 4.8%
Other (as described)MISC $67,400$10,828$32,486$24,086 4.4%
Depreciation and depletion $56,452-$56,452- 3.7%
Payroll taxes $49,172$12,293$36,879- 3.2%
Fees: other services $42,563$10,641$31,922- 2.8%
Pension plan contributions $36,921$9,230$27,691- 2.4%
Fees: investment management $23,787-$23,787- 1.5%
Travel $11,100$2,775$8,325- 0.7%
Fundraising events Eventdirect expenses; gross income $33,053$33,053reported apart
Total$1,540,196100%

View the filing

2016 · Form 990 · $1,366,770 spent · pay $870,587 · grants $0 · events $70,305
LineAs describedTotalProgramManagementFundraisingShare
Other salaries and wages $663,544$165,886$497,658- 48.5%
Office expenses $168,357$42,089$126,268- 12.3%
Occupancy $153,105$38,276$114,829- 11.2%
Pay: officers, directors, trustees, key employees $77,051$19,263$57,788- 5.6%
Other employee benefits $61,286$15,321$45,965- 4.5%
Payroll taxes $50,322$12,581$37,741- 3.7%
Depreciation and depletion $37,249-$37,249- 2.7%
Other (as described)MISC $36,628$9,157$27,471- 2.7%
Other (as described) EventEVENTS $33,035--$33,035 2.4%
Fees: other services $31,337$7,834$23,503- 2.3%
Fees: investment management $22,652-$22,652- 1.7%
Pension plan contributions $18,384$4,596$13,788- 1.3%
Travel $13,820$3,455$10,365- 1.0%
Fundraising events Eventdirect expenses; gross income $35,106$37,270reported apart
Total$1,366,770100%

View the filing

2015 · Form 990 · $1,489,365 spent · pay $951,822 · grants $0 · events $66,858
LineAs describedTotalProgramManagementFundraisingShare
Other salaries and wages $729,907$182,477$547,430- 49.0%
Occupancy $201,704$50,426$151,278- 13.5%
Office expenses $166,756$41,689$125,067- 11.2%
Pay: officers, directors, trustees, key employees $76,957$19,239$57,718- 5.2%
Other employee benefits $68,655$17,164$51,491- 4.6%
Fees: other services $64,910$16,227$48,683- 4.4%
Payroll taxes $55,370$13,842$41,528- 3.7%
Other (as described) EventEVENTS $29,900--$29,900 2.0%
Fees: investment management $21,846-$21,846- 1.5%
Pension plan contributions $20,933$5,233$15,700- 1.4%
Other (as described)MISC $19,652$4,913$14,739- 1.3%
Depreciation and depletion $18,495-$18,495- 1.2%
Travel $14,280$3,570$10,710- 1.0%
Fundraising events Eventdirect expenses; gross income $35,905$36,958reported apart
Total$1,489,365100%

View the filing

2014 · Form 990 · $1,370,163 spent · pay $924,377 · grants $0 · events $64,157
LineAs describedTotalProgramManagementFundraisingShare
Other salaries and wages $713,763$178,441$535,322- 52.1%
Occupancy $189,530$47,382$142,148- 13.8%
Information technology $91,515$22,878$68,637- 6.7%
Pay: officers, directors, trustees, key employees $77,917$19,479$58,438- 5.7%
Payroll taxes $67,161$16,776$50,385- 4.9%
Travel $35,739$8,935$26,804- 2.6%
Other employee benefits $35,025$8,770$26,255- 2.6%
Pension plan contributions $30,511$7,628$22,883- 2.2%
Fees: other services $28,811$7,203$21,608- 2.1%
Other (as described) EventEVENTS $26,531--$26,531 1.9%
Office expenses $22,238$5,560$16,678- 1.6%
Fees: investment management $20,019-$20,019- 1.5%
Advertising and promotion $16,474$4,119$12,355- 1.2%
Depreciation and depletion $9,391-$9,391- 0.7%
Insurance $5,229$1,307$3,922- 0.4%
Other (as described)MISC $309$77$232- 0.0%
Fundraising events Eventdirect expenses; gross income $33,314$37,626reported apart
Total$1,370,163100%

View the filing

2013 · Form 990 · $948,565 spent · pay $683,643 · grants $0 · events $86,865
LineAs describedTotalProgramManagementFundraisingShare
Other salaries and wages $504,264$126,066$378,198- 53.2%
Occupancy $121,487$30,372$91,115- 12.8%
Pay: officers, directors, trustees, key employees $65,807$16,452$49,355- 6.9%
Other (as described) EventNAME CHANGE CEREMONY $47,487-$47,487- 5.0%
Other employee benefits $39,633$9,908$29,725- 4.2%
Pension plan contributions $37,402$9,351$28,051- 3.9%
Payroll taxes $36,537$9,134$27,403- 3.9%
Advertising and promotion $29,230$7,308$21,922- 3.1%
Office expenses $18,096$4,524$13,572- 1.9%
Fees: other services $17,515$6,254$11,261- 1.8%
Fees: accounting $7,500-$7,500- 0.8%
Other (as described)MISC $5,434$1,358$4,076- 0.6%
Travel $5,228$1,307$3,921- 0.6%
Information technology $5,170$1,293$3,877- 0.5%
Fees: investment management $4,393-$4,393- 0.5%
Insurance $3,382$845$2,537- 0.4%
Fundraising events Eventdirect expenses; gross income $46,880$39,378reported apart
Total$948,565100%

View the filing

2012 · Form 990 · $177,672 spent · pay $104,937 · grants $0 · events $23,937
LineAs describedTotalProgramManagementFundraisingShare
Fees: legal $65,044-$65,044- 36.6%
Pay: officers, directors, trustees, key employees $54,317-$54,317- 30.6%
Other salaries and wages $46,502-$46,502- 26.2%
Advertising and promotion $5,691-$4,400$1,291 3.2%
Pension plan contributions $3,240-$3,240- 1.8%
Office expenses $1,697-$1,697- 1.0%
Other employee benefits $878-$878- 0.5%
Travel $303-$303- 0.2%
Fundraising events Eventdirect expenses; gross income -$23,937reported apart
Total$177,672100%

View the filing

2011 · Form 990 · $3,469 spent · pay $0 · grants $0 · events $0
LineAs describedTotalProgramManagementFundraisingShare
Fees: legal $3,409-$3,409- 98.3%
Office expenses $60-$60- 1.7%
Total$3,469100%

View the filing

Federal grants and contracts

Awards from USAspending.gov to a recipient with this organization's name and zip code. Obligations by federal fiscal year (October to September); each award links to its page on usaspending.gov.

Fiscal yearGrants and other assistanceContractsAwards
2020$0$01
Largest awards · 0 shown
YearAgencyKindProgramDescriptionObligated

State business registration

The same business name in the same state, from the state’s official registry data.

Also on this site Fuzzy

RecordName as filedWhereDatasetMatched by
Plan sponsorSPARC PHILADELPHIAPAForm 5500 (employee benefit plans)EIN (EXACT)
Plan sponsorSPARC PHILADELPHIAPAForm 5500 (employee benefit plans)name and state

Matched by name (and state) or EIN only; a shared name is not proof of the same person or organization.

Comments

Anonymous: no account or email. Up to 2,000 characters, at most one link. Comments are checked automatically; some wait for review.