ALLIANZ FOUNDATION FOR NORTH AMERICA: Form 990PF, tax year 2025

View the entire original 990 at ProPublica ↗

Organization
ALLIANZ FOUNDATION FOR NORTH AMERICA (EIN 68-0493856)
Tax period
2025-01-01 to 2025-12-31
Filed
2026-07-24
IRS object ID
202642059349100509
Schema version
2025v4.2
Source
Download XML · Original 990 at ProPublica

Every field in the e-filed return. Faint text is the IRS element name, for citing.

Return header ReturnHeader

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Return2026-07-24T12:09:41-05:00ReturnTs
Tax Period End2025-12-31TaxPeriodEndDt

Preparer Firm PreparerFirmGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Preparer Firm EIN135565207PreparerFirmEIN

Preparer Firm Name PreparerFirmName

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Business Name Line1KPMG LLPBusinessNameLine1Txt

Preparer US Address PreparerUSAddress

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Address Line1350 NORTH 5TH ST STE 600AddressLine1Txt
CityMINNEAPOLISCityNm
State AbbreviationMNStateAbbreviationCd
ZIP55401ZIPCd
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Return Type990PFReturnTypeCd
Tax Period Begin2025-01-01TaxPeriodBeginDt

Filer Filer

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
EIN680493856EIN

Business Name BusinessName

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Business Name Line1ALLIANZ FOUNDATION FOR NORTH AMERICABusinessNameLine1Txt
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Business Name ControlALLIBusinessNameControlTxt
Phone7637656500PhoneNum

US Address USAddress

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Address Line15701 GOLDEN HILLS DRIVEAddressLine1Txt
CityMINNEAPOLISCityNm
State AbbreviationMNStateAbbreviationCd
ZIP55416ZIPCd

Business Officer BusinessOfficerGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
PersonWILLIAM GAUMONDPersonNm
Person TitleCFOPersonTitleTxt
Phone7637656500PhoneNum
Signature2026-07-15SignatureDt
Discuss With Paid PreparerYes (1)DiscussWithPaidPreparerInd

Preparer Person PreparerPersonGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Preparer PersonSOPHIE R KINGPreparerPersonNm
PTINP02233384PTIN
Phone6123055000PhoneNum
Preparation2026-07-15PreparationDt
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Tax2025TaxYr
Build TS2025-03-06 01:10:19ZBuildTS

Form 990-PF IRS990PF

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Organization501c3 Exempt PFYes (X)Organization501c3ExemptPFInd
FMV Assets EOY$50FMVAssetsEOYAmt
Method Of Accounting AccrualYes (X)MethodOfAccountingAccrualInd

Analysis Of Revenue And Expenses AnalysisOfRevenueAndExpenses

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Contri Rcvd Rev And Expnss$300,050ContriRcvdRevAndExpnssAmt
Cap Gain Net Incm Net Invst Incm$0CapGainNetIncmNetInvstIncmAmt
Total Rev And Expnss$300,050TotalRevAndExpnssAmt
Total Net Invst Incm$0TotalNetInvstIncmAmt
Total Adj Net Incm$0TotalAdjNetIncmAmt
Comp Ofcr Dir Trst Rev And Expnss$0CompOfcrDirTrstRevAndExpnssAmt
Comp Ofcr Dir Trst Net Invst Incm$0CompOfcrDirTrstNetInvstIncmAmt
Comp Ofcr Dir Trst Adj Net Incm$0CompOfcrDirTrstAdjNetIncmAmt
Comp Ofcr Dir Trst Dsbrs Chrtbl$0CompOfcrDirTrstDsbrsChrtblAmt
Tot Opr Expenses Rev And Expnss$0TotOprExpensesRevAndExpnssAmt
Tot Opr Expenses Net Invst Incm$0TotOprExpensesNetInvstIncmAmt
Tot Opr Expenses Adj Net Incm$0TotOprExpensesAdjNetIncmAmt
Tot Opr Expenses Dsbrs Chrtbl$0TotOprExpensesDsbrsChrtblAmt
Contri Paid Rev And Expnss$300,000ContriPaidRevAndExpnssAmt
Contri Paid Dsbrs Chrtbl$300,000ContriPaidDsbrsChrtblAmt
Total Expenses Rev And Expnss$300,000TotalExpensesRevAndExpnssAmt
Total Expenses Net Invst Incm$0TotalExpensesNetInvstIncmAmt
Total Expenses Adj Net Incm$0TotalExpensesAdjNetIncmAmt
Total Expenses Dsbrs Chrtbl$300,000TotalExpensesDsbrsChrtblAmt
Excess Revenue Over Expenses$50ExcessRevenueOverExpensesAmt
Net Investment Income$0NetInvestmentIncomeAmt
Adjusted Net Income$0AdjustedNetIncomeAmt

Form990 PF Balance Sheets Form990PFBalanceSheetsGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Cash BOY$0CashBOYAmt
Cash EOY$50CashEOYAmt
Cash EOYFMV$50CashEOYFMVAmt
Total Assets BOY$0TotalAssetsBOYAmt
Total Assets EOY$50TotalAssetsEOYAmt
Total Assets EOYFMV$50TotalAssetsEOYFMVAmt
Total Liabilities BOY$0TotalLiabilitiesBOYAmt
Total Liabilities EOY$0TotalLiabilitiesEOYAmt
Org Does Not Follow FASB117Yes (X)OrgDoesNotFollowFASB117Ind
Capital Stock BOY$0CapitalStockBOYAmt
Capital Stock EOY$0CapitalStockEOYAmt
Additional Paid In Capital BOY$0AdditionalPaidInCapitalBOYAmt
Additional Paid In Capital EOY$0AdditionalPaidInCapitalEOYAmt
Retained Earning BOY$0RetainedEarningBOYAmt
Retained Earning EOY$50RetainedEarningEOYAmt
Tot Net Ast Or Fund Balances BOY$0TotNetAstOrFundBalancesBOYAmt
Tot Net Ast Or Fund Balances EOY$50TotNetAstOrFundBalancesEOYAmt
Total Liabilities Net Ast BOY$0TotalLiabilitiesNetAstBOYAmt
Total Liabilities Net Ast EOY$50TotalLiabilitiesNetAstEOYAmt

Chg In Net Assets Fund Balances ChgInNetAssetsFundBalancesGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Tot Net Ast Or Fund Balances BOY$0TotNetAstOrFundBalancesBOYAmt
Excess Revenue Over Expenses$50ExcessRevenueOverExpensesAmt
Other Increases$0OtherIncreasesAmt
Subtotal$50SubtotalAmt
Other Decreases$0OtherDecreasesAmt
Tot Net Ast Or Fund Balances EOY$50TotNetAstOrFundBalancesEOYAmt

Excise Tax Based On Invst Incm ExciseTaxBasedOnInvstIncmGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Investment Income Excise Tax$0InvestmentIncomeExciseTaxAmt
Tax Under Section511$0TaxUnderSection511Amt
Subtotal$0SubtotalAmt
Subtitle A Tax$0SubtitleATaxAmt
Tax Based On Investment Income$0TaxBasedOnInvestmentIncomeAmt
Estimated Plus Ovpmt Incm Tx$0EstimatedPlusOvpmtIncmTxAmt
Exempt Frgn Org Tax Wthld At Srce$0ExemptFrgnOrgTaxWthldAtSrceAmt
Extsn Request Income Tax Paid$0ExtsnRequestIncomeTaxPaidAmt
Backup Withholding Withheld$0BackupWithholdingWithheldAmt
Total Payments And Credits$0TotalPaymentsAndCreditsAmt
Es Penalty$0EsPenaltyAmt
Tax Due$0TaxDueAmt

Statements Regarding Acty StatementsRegardingActyGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Legislative Political Acty0LegislativePoliticalActyInd
More Than100 Spent0MoreThan100SpentInd
Form1120 POL Filed0Form1120POLFiledInd
Section4955 Organization Tax$0Section4955OrganizationTaxAmt
Section4955 Managers Tax$0Section4955ManagersTaxAmt
Tax Reimbursed$0TaxReimbursedAmt
Activities Not Previously Rpt0ActivitiesNotPreviouslyRptInd
Changes To Articles Or Bylaws0ChangesToArticlesOrBylawsInd
Unrelated Bus Incm Over Limit0UnrelatedBusIncmOverLimitInd
Organization Dissolved Etc0OrganizationDissolvedEtcInd
Section508e Rqr SatisfiedYes (1)Section508eRqrSatisfiedInd
At Least5000 In Assets0AtLeast5000InAssetsInd
Org Report Or Register StateCAOrgReportOrRegisterStateCd
Private Operating Foundation0PrivateOperatingFoundationInd
New Substantial Contributors0NewSubstantialContributorsInd
Own Controlled Entity0OwnControlledEntityInd
Donor Advised Fund0DonorAdvisedFundInd
Comply With Public Insp RqrYes (1)ComplyWithPublicInspRqrInd
Website AddressWWW.ALLIANZ.COM/EN/SUSTAINABILITY.HTMLWebsiteAddressTxt

Persons With Books Name PersonsWithBooksName

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Business Name Line1CHRISTOPHER WORTHLEY VP EXEC DIRECTORBusinessNameLine1Txt
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Phone7637656500PhoneNum

Location Of Books US Address LocationOfBooksUSAddress

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Address Line15701 GOLDEN HILLS DRIVEAddressLine1Txt
CityMINNEAPOLISCityNm
State AbbreviationMNStateAbbreviationCd
ZIP55416ZIPCd
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Foreign Accounts Question0ForeignAccountsQuestionInd

Statements Regarding Acty4720 StatementsRegardingActy4720Grp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Sale Or Exch Disqualified Prsn0SaleOrExchDisqualifiedPrsnInd
Brrw Or Lend Disqualified Prsn0BrrwOrLendDisqualifiedPrsnInd
Furn Goods Disqualified Prsn0FurnGoodsDisqualifiedPrsnInd
Pay Comp Disqualified Prsn0PayCompDisqualifiedPrsnInd
Transfer Ast Disqualified Prsn0TransferAstDisqualifiedPrsnInd
Payment To Government Official0PaymentToGovernmentOfficialInd
Uncorrected Prior Acts0UncorrectedPriorActsInd
Undistributed Income PY0UndistributedIncomePYInd
Business Holdings0BusinessHoldingsInd
Jeopardy Investments0JeopardyInvestmentsInd
Uncorrected PY Jeopardy Invst0UncorrectedPYJeopardyInvstInd
Influence Legislation0InfluenceLegislationInd
Influence Election0InfluenceElectionInd
Grants To Individuals0GrantsToIndividualsInd
Grants To Organizations0GrantsToOrganizationsInd
Noncharitable Purpose0NoncharitablePurposeInd
Rcv Fnds To Pay Prsnl Bnft Cntrct0RcvFndsToPayPrsnlBnftCntrctInd
Pay Premiums Prsnl Bnft Cntrct0PayPremiumsPrsnlBnftCntrctInd
Prohibited Tax Shelter Trans0ProhibitedTaxShelterTransInd
Subj To Tax Rmnrtn Ex Prcht Pymt0SubjToTaxRmnrtnExPrchtPymtInd

Officer Dir Trst Key Empl Info OfficerDirTrstKeyEmplInfoGrp

Officer Dir Trst Key Empl OfficerDirTrstKeyEmplGrp (9 entries)

Address Line1USAddress/AddressLine1TxtCityUSAddress/CityNmState AbbreviationUSAddress/StateAbbreviationCdZIPUSAddress/ZIPCdTitleTitleTxtAverage Hrs Per Wk Devoted To PosAverageHrsPerWkDevotedToPosRtCompensationCompensationAmtEmployee Benefit ProgramEmployeeBenefitProgramAmtExpense Account Other AllwncExpenseAccountOtherAllwncAmt
WILLIAM E GAUMOND
5701 GOLDEN HILLS DRIVEMINNEAPOLISMN55416CHIEF FIN. OFFICER1.00$0$0$0
LAUREN DAY
5701 GOLDEN HILLS DRIVEMINNEAPOLISMN55416DIRECTOR1.00$0$0$0
JENNY GULDSETH
5701 GOLDEN HILLS DRIVEMINNEAPOLISMN55416DIRECTOR1.00$0$0$0
CHRISTOPHER WORTHLEY
5701 GOLDEN HILLS DRIVEMINNEAPOLISMN55416VP & EXEC DIRECTOR1.00$0$0$0
GRETCHEN CEPEK
5701 GOLDEN HILLS DRIVEMINNEAPOLISMN55416CHAIR, PRES. & DIRECTOR1.00$0$0$0
CAROLINE SCHWARZER
5701 GOLDEN HILLS DRIVEMINNEAPOLISMN55416DIRECTOR1.00$0$0$0
REBECCA A WYSOCKI
5701 GOLDEN HILLS DRIVEMINNEAPOLISMN55416TREASURER1.00$0$0$0
JOHN J KELLY
5701 GOLDEN HILLS DRIVEMINNEAPOLISMN55416GEN. COUNSEL & SECRETARY1.00$0$0$0
GENE GHENG
5701 GOLDEN HILLS DRIVEMINNEAPOLISMN55416DIRECTOR1.00$0$0$0
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Comp Of Hghst Pd Empl Or NONENONECompOfHghstPdEmplOrNONETxt
Other Employee Paid Over50k0OtherEmployeePaidOver50kCnt
Comp Of Hghst Pd Cntrct Or NONENONECompOfHghstPdCntrctOrNONETxt
Contractor Paid Over50k0ContractorPaidOver50kCnt

Sum Of Program Related Invst SumOfProgramRelatedInvstGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$0TotalAmt

Minimum Investment Return MinimumInvestmentReturnGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Average Monthly FMV Of Sec$0AverageMonthlyFMVOfSecAmt
Average Monthly Cash Balances$150,031AverageMonthlyCashBalancesAmt
FMV All Other Noncharitable Ast$0FMVAllOtherNoncharitableAstAmt
Total FMV Of Unused Assets$150,031TotalFMVOfUnusedAssetsAmt
Reduction Claimed$0ReductionClaimedAmt
Acquisition Indebtedness$0AcquisitionIndebtednessAmt
Adjusted Total FMV Of Unused Ast$150,031AdjustedTotalFMVOfUnusedAstAmt
Cash Deemed Charitable$2,250CashDeemedCharitableAmt
Net Vl Noncharitable Assets$147,781NetVlNoncharitableAssetsAmt
Minimum Investment Return$7,389MinimumInvestmentReturnAmt

Distributable Amount DistributableAmountGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Minimum Investment Return$7,389MinimumInvestmentReturnAmt
Total Tax$0TotalTaxAmt
Distributable Before Adj$7,389DistributableBeforeAdjAmt
Recoveries Qualfied Distri$0RecoveriesQualfiedDistriAmt
Distributable Before Ded$7,389DistributableBeforeDedAmt
Deduction From Distributable$0DeductionFromDistributableAmt
Distributable As Adjusted$7,389DistributableAsAdjustedAmt

PF Qualifying Distributions PFQualifyingDistributionsGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Expenses And Contributions$300,000ExpensesAndContributionsAmt
Program Related Invst Total$0ProgramRelatedInvstTotalAmt
Qualifying Distributions$300,000QualifyingDistributionsAmt

Undistributed Income UndistributedIncomeGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Distributable As Adjusted$7,389DistributableAsAdjustedAmt
Undistributed Income PY$0UndistributedIncomePYAmt
Total For Prior Years$0TotalForPriorYearsAmt
Excess Distribution Cyov Yr5$545,345ExcessDistributionCyovYr5Amt
Excess Distribution Cyov Yr4$44,997ExcessDistributionCyovYr4Amt
Excess Distribution Cyov Yr3$526,242ExcessDistributionCyovYr3Amt
Excess Distribution Cyov Yr2$265,788ExcessDistributionCyovYr2Amt
Excess Distribution Cyov Yr1$342,258ExcessDistributionCyovYr1Amt
Total Excess Distribution Cyov$1,724,630TotalExcessDistributionCyovAmt
Qualifying Distributions$300,000QualifyingDistributionsAmt
Applied To Year1$0AppliedToYear1Amt
Applied To Prior Years$0AppliedToPriorYearsAmt
Treated As Distri From Corpus$0TreatedAsDistriFromCorpusAmt
Applied To Current Year$7,389AppliedToCurrentYearAmt
Remaining Distri From Corpus$292,611RemainingDistriFromCorpusAmt
Excess Distri Cyov App CY Corpus$0ExcessDistriCyovAppCYCorpusAmt
Excess Distribution Cyov App CY$0ExcessDistributionCyovAppCYAmt
Total Corpus$2,017,241TotalCorpusAmt
Prior Year Undistributed Incm$0PriorYearUndistributedIncmAmt
Prior Year Deficiency Or Tax$0PriorYearDeficiencyOrTaxAmt
Taxable1$0Taxable1Amt
Taxable2$0Taxable2Amt
Undistributed Income CY$0UndistributedIncomeCYAmt
Corpus Distri170b1 E Or4942g3$0CorpusDistri170b1EOr4942g3Amt
Excess Distri Cyov From Yr5$545,345ExcessDistriCyovFromYr5Amt
Excess Distri Cyov To Next Yr$1,471,896ExcessDistriCyovToNextYrAmt
Excess From Year4$44,997ExcessFromYear4Amt
Excess From Year3$526,242ExcessFromYear3Amt
Excess From Year2$265,788ExcessFromYear2Amt
Excess From Year1$342,258ExcessFromYear1Amt
Excess From Current Year$292,611ExcessFromCurrentYearAmt

Supplementary Information SupplementaryInformationGrp

Application Submission Info ApplicationSubmissionInfoGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Recipient PersonALLIANZ FDN FOR NORTH AMERICARecipientPersonNm

Recipient US Address RecipientUSAddress

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Address Line15701 GOLDEN HILLS DRIVEAddressLine1Txt
CityMINNEAPOLISCityNm
State AbbreviationMNStateAbbreviationCd
ZIP55416ZIPCd
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Recipient Phone7637656500RecipientPhoneNum
Recipient Email AddressCHRISTOPHER.WORTHLEY@AZOAC.COMRecipientEmailAddressTxt
Form And Info And MaterialsINFORMATION ONLINE AT: HTTPS://WWW.ALLIANZ.COM/EN/SUSTAINABILITY/FOUNDATION-NORTH-AMERICA.HTMLFormAndInfoAndMaterialsTxt
Submission DeadlinesINFORMATION ONLINE AT: HTTPS://WWW.ALLIANZ.COM/EN/SUSTAINABILITY/FOUNDATION-NORTH-AMERICA.HTMLSubmissionDeadlinesTxt
Restrictions On AwardsIN ORDER TO BE ABLE TO OFFER SPECIAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR YOUTH DEVELOPMENT SUCH AS MENTORING AND IN-OFFICE, CAREER-SKILLS WORKSHOPS OUR GRANT-MAKING IS FOCUSED EXCLUSIVELY ON SELECT CITIES IN WHICH ALLIANZ COMPANIES IN NORTH AMERICA MAINTAIN HEAD- OR MAJOR REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES: BALTIMORE (MD) CHICAGO (IL) MINNEAPOLIS/ST. PAUL (MN) NEW YORK (NY) RICHMOND (VA) SAN FRANCISCO (CA), INCLUDING ALSO MARIN AND SONOMA COUNTIES TORONTO (ON, CANADA) WASHINGTON (DC)RestrictionsOnAwardsTxt

Grant Or Contribution Pd Dur Yr GrantOrContributionPdDurYrGrp (8 entries)

Address Line1RecipientUSAddress/AddressLine1TxtCityRecipientUSAddress/CityNmState AbbreviationRecipientUSAddress/StateAbbreviationCdZIPRecipientUSAddress/ZIPCdRecipient Foundation StatusRecipientFoundationStatusCdGrant Or Contribution PurposeGrantOrContributionPurposeTxtAmtAmt
CITYARTS INC
77 BLEECKER ST SUITE C2-18NEW YORKNY10012PCGENERAL SUPPORT$35,000
FIT FOR KIDS
3900 W BROAD STREETRICHMONDVA23218PCGENERAL SUPPORT$10,000
FIVER CHILDREN'S FOUNDATION
519 8TH AVENUE 24TH FLOORNEW YORKNY10018PCGENERAL SUPPORT$45,000
JEWISH COMMUNITY RELATIONS COUNCIL OF NY (YOUTHBRIDGE)
520 EIGHTH AVENUE SUITE 1400NEW YORKNY10018PCGENERAL SUPPORT$55,000
POSITIVE VIBE FOUNDATION
2837 HATHAWAY ROAD SUITE ARICHMONDVA23225PCGENERAL SUPPORT$50,000
QUEERSPACE COLLECTIVE
1936 LYNDALE AVE S 110MINNEAPOLISMN55403PCGENERAL SUPPORT$50,000
ACTION RECONCILIATION SERVICE FOUNDATION
1501 CHERRY STPHILADELPHIAPA19102PCGENERAL SUPPORT$5,000
AMERICA ON TECH INC
25 BROADWAY 12TH FLOORNEW YORKNY10004PCGENERAL SUPPORT$50,000
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total Grant Or Contri Pd Dur Yr$300,000TotalGrantOrContriPdDurYrAmt
Total Grant Or Contri Apprv Fut$0TotalGrantOrContriApprvFutAmt

Analysis Income Producing Acty AnalysisIncomeProducingActyGrp

Subtotals Incm Producing Acty SubtotalsIncmProducingActyGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Unrelated Business Taxbl Incm$0UnrelatedBusinessTaxblIncmAmt
Exclusion$0ExclusionAmt
Related Or Exempt Function Incm$0RelatedOrExemptFunctionIncmAmt
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total Income Producing Acty$0TotalIncomeProducingActyAmt

Trnsfr Trans Rln Nonchrtbl EO TrnsfrTransRlnNonchrtblEOGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Trnsfr Of Cash To Nonchrtbl EO0TrnsfrOfCashToNonchrtblEOInd
Trnsfr Other Asset Nonchrtbl EO0TrnsfrOtherAssetNonchrtblEOInd
Sales Or Exchanges Of Assets0SalesOrExchangesOfAssetsInd
Purchase Of Assets Nonchrtbl EO0PurchaseOfAssetsNonchrtblEOInd
Rental Of Facilities Oth Assets0RentalOfFacilitiesOthAssetsInd
Reimbursement Arrangements0ReimbursementArrangementsInd
Loans Or Loan Guarantees0LoansOrLoanGuaranteesInd
Performance Of Services Etc0PerformanceOfServicesEtcInd
Sharing Of Facilities Etc0SharingOfFacilitiesEtcInd
Relationships Nonchrtbl EO0RelationshipsNonchrtblEOInd

Schedule B IRS990ScheduleB

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Organization501c3 Exempt PFYes (X)Organization501c3ExemptPFInd
General RuleYes (X)GeneralRuleInd

Contributor Information ContributorInformationGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Contributor1ContributorNum

Contributor Business Name ContributorBusinessName

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Business Name Line1ALLIANZ SEBusinessNameLine1Txt

Contributor Foreign Address ContributorForeignAddress

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Address Line1KONIGINSTRASSE 28AddressLine1Txt
Province Or StateMUNICHProvinceOrStateNm
CountryGMCountryCd
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total Contributions$300,050TotalContributionsAmt
Person ContributionYes (X)PersonContributionInd

Comments

Anonymous: no account or email. Up to 2,000 characters, at most one link. Comments are checked automatically; some wait for review.