PALESTINIAN AMERICAN RESEARCH CENTER: Form 990, tax year 2020
View the entire original 990 at ProPublica ↗
- Organization
- PALESTINIAN AMERICAN RESEARCH CENTER (EIN 52-2131143)
- Tax period
- 2020-01-01 to 2020-12-31
- Filed
- 2021-11-12
- IRS object ID
- 202133169349311058
- Schema version
- 2020v4.1
- Source
- Download XML · Original 990 at ProPublica
Every field in the e-filed return. Faint text is the IRS element name, for citing.
Return header ReturnHeader
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Return | 2021-11-12T15:37:01-06:00 | ReturnTs |
| Tax Period End | 2020-12-31 | TaxPeriodEndDt |
Preparer Firm PreparerFirmGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Preparer Firm EIN | 521853933 | PreparerFirmEIN |
Preparer Firm Name PreparerFirmName
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Business Name Line1 | JM&M | BusinessNameLine1Txt |
Preparer US Address PreparerUSAddress
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Address Line1 | 10500 LITTLE PATUXENT PARKWAY SUITE | AddressLine1Txt |
| Address Line2 | 770 | AddressLine2Txt |
| City | COLUMBIA | CityNm |
| State Abbreviation | MD | StateAbbreviationCd |
| ZIP | 21044 | ZIPCd |
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Return Type | 990 | ReturnTypeCd |
| Tax Period Begin | 2020-01-01 | TaxPeriodBeginDt |
Filer Filer
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| EIN | 522131143 | EIN |
Business Name BusinessName
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Business Name Line1 | PALESTINIAN AMERICAN RESEARCH CENTER | BusinessNameLine1Txt |
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Business Name Control | PALE | BusinessNameControlTxt |
| Phone | 2404814601 | PhoneNum |
US Address USAddress
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Address Line1 | PO BOX 19616 | AddressLine1Txt |
| City | WASHINGTON | CityNm |
| State Abbreviation | DC | StateAbbreviationCd |
| ZIP | 20036 | ZIPCd |
Business Officer BusinessOfficerGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Person | PROF JUDITH TUCKER | PersonNm |
| Person Title | SECRETARY | PersonTitleTxt |
| Phone | 2404814601 | PhoneNum |
| Signature | 2021-11-12 | SignatureDt |
| Discuss With Paid Preparer | Yes (1) | DiscussWithPaidPreparerInd |
Signing Officer SigningOfficerGrp
Person Full Name PersonFullName
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Person First | PROF | PersonFirstNm |
| Person Last | JUDITH TUCKER | PersonLastNm |
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| SSN | 999009999 | SSN |
Preparer Person PreparerPersonGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Preparer Person | TINA PEACHER | PreparerPersonNm |
| PTIN | P01608826 | PTIN |
| Phone | 4108840220 | PhoneNum |
Additional Filer Information AdditionalFilerInformation
Trusted Customer TrustedCustomerGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Trusted Customer | 2 | TrustedCustomerCd |
| Authentication Assurance Level | AAL1 | AuthenticationAssuranceLevelCd |
| Identity Assurance Level | IAL1 | IdentityAssuranceLevelCd |
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Tax | 2020 | TaxYr |
| Build TS | 2022-09-23 18:48:47Z | BuildTS |
Form 990 IRS990
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Principal Officer | PENELOPE MITCHEL | PrincipalOfficerNm |
US Address USAddress
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Address Line1 | PO BOX 19616 | AddressLine1Txt |
| City | WASHINGTON | CityNm |
| State Abbreviation | DC | StateAbbreviationCd |
| ZIP | 20036 | ZIPCd |
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Gross Receipts | $445,462 | GrossReceiptsAmt |
| Group Return For Affiliates | 0 | GroupReturnForAffiliatesInd |
| Organization501c3 | Yes (X) | Organization501c3Ind |
| Website Address | WWW.PARC-US-PAL.ORG | WebsiteAddressTxt |
| Type Of Organization Corp | Yes (X) | TypeOfOrganizationCorpInd |
| Formation | 1998 | FormationYr |
| Legal Domicile State | DC | LegalDomicileStateCd |
| Activity Or Mission | TO ENHANCE AMERICAN AND PALESTINIAN SCHOLARSHIP AND ACADEMIC EXCHANGE. | ActivityOrMissionDesc |
| Voting Members Governing Body | 15 | VotingMembersGoverningBodyCnt |
| Voting Members Independent | 15 | VotingMembersIndependentCnt |
| Total Employee | 4 | TotalEmployeeCnt |
| Total Volunteers | 16 | TotalVolunteersCnt |
| Total Gross UBI | $0 | TotalGrossUBIAmt |
| Net Unrelated Bus Txbl Incm | $0 | NetUnrelatedBusTxblIncmAmt |
| PY Contributions Grants | $355,861 | PYContributionsGrantsAmt |
| CY Contributions Grants | $435,653 | CYContributionsGrantsAmt |
| PY Program Service Revenue | $0 | PYProgramServiceRevenueAmt |
| CY Program Service Revenue | $0 | CYProgramServiceRevenueAmt |
| PY Investment Income | $4,605 | PYInvestmentIncomeAmt |
| CY Investment Income | $8,534 | CYInvestmentIncomeAmt |
| PY Other Revenue | $633 | PYOtherRevenueAmt |
| CY Other Revenue | $811 | CYOtherRevenueAmt |
| PY Total Revenue | $361,099 | PYTotalRevenueAmt |
| CY Total Revenue | $444,998 | CYTotalRevenueAmt |
| PY Grants And Similar Paid | $218,771 | PYGrantsAndSimilarPaidAmt |
| CY Grants And Similar Paid | $160,940 | CYGrantsAndSimilarPaidAmt |
| PY Benefits Paid To Members | $0 | PYBenefitsPaidToMembersAmt |
| CY Benefits Paid To Members | $0 | CYBenefitsPaidToMembersAmt |
| PY Salaries Comp Emp Bnft Paid | $132,136 | PYSalariesCompEmpBnftPaidAmt |
| CY Salaries Comp Emp Bnft Paid | $160,976 | CYSalariesCompEmpBnftPaidAmt |
| PY Total Prof Fndrsng Expns | $0 | PYTotalProfFndrsngExpnsAmt |
| CY Total Prof Fndrsng Expns | $0 | CYTotalProfFndrsngExpnsAmt |
| CY Total Fundraising Expense | $11,550 | CYTotalFundraisingExpenseAmt |
| PY Other Expenses | $118,130 | PYOtherExpensesAmt |
| CY Other Expenses | $42,002 | CYOtherExpensesAmt |
| PY Total Expenses | $469,037 | PYTotalExpensesAmt |
| CY Total Expenses | $363,918 | CYTotalExpensesAmt |
| PY Revenues Less Expenses | -$107,938 | PYRevenuesLessExpensesAmt |
| CY Revenues Less Expenses | $81,080 | CYRevenuesLessExpensesAmt |
| Total Assets BOY | $277,151 | TotalAssetsBOYAmt |
| Total Assets EOY | $385,632 | TotalAssetsEOYAmt |
| Total Liabilities BOY | $21,749 | TotalLiabilitiesBOYAmt |
| Total Liabilities EOY | $44,396 | TotalLiabilitiesEOYAmt |
| Net Assets Or Fund Balances BOY | $255,402 | NetAssetsOrFundBalancesBOYAmt |
| Net Assets Or Fund Balances EOY | $341,236 | NetAssetsOrFundBalancesEOYAmt |
| Info In Schedule O Part III | Yes (X) | InfoInScheduleOPartIIIInd |
| Mission | TO IMPROVE SCHOLARSHIP ABOUT PALESTINIAN AFFAIRS, EXPAND THE POOL OF EXPERTS KNOWLEDGEABLE ABOUT THE PALESTINIANS, AND STRENGTHEN LINKAGES AMONG PALESTINIAN, AMERICAN, AND FOREIGN RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOLARS. | MissionDesc |
| Significant New Program Srvc | 0 | SignificantNewProgramSrvcInd |
| Significant Change | 0 | SignificantChangeInd |
| Expense | $206,788 | ExpenseAmt |
| Grant | $112,698 | GrantAmt |
| Desc | UNITED STATES OFFICE: PUBLICATIONS - PUBLISHES A NEWSLETTER THAT REPORTS ON THE RESEARCH OF FELLOWSHIP GRANTEES, FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANIZATION, AND ON EVENTS AND DEVELOPMENTS RELEVANT TO THE FIELD OF PALESTINIAN STUDIES; FELLOWSHIPS - ADMINISTERS AND PROVIDES RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS AND A FIELD RESEARCH BASE FOR ADVANCED GRADUATE STUDENTS AND ESTABLISHED SCHOLARS. THESE FELLOWSHIPS HAVE LED TO ADVANCED SCHOLARLY DEGREES, PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT, AND SCHOLARLY ACCOMPLISHMENT IN THE FIELD OF PALESTINIAN STUDIES; RESEARCH WEBSITE - PARC MAINTAINS A WEBSITE THAT PROVIDES A DATABASE OF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE RELEVANT TO PALESTINIAN STUDIES AND A CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RELATING TO PALESTINE AND PALESTINIAN ISSUES;CONFERENCES - SPONSORS PANELS AT THE MIDDLE EAST STUDIES ASSOCIATION'S ANNUAL MEETINGS ON PALESTINE, BRINGING TOGETHER PROMINENT SCHOLARS TO ADDRESS A VARIETY OF TOPICS. | Desc |
Prog Srvc Accom Acty2 ProgSrvcAccomActy2Grp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Expense | $92,222 | ExpenseAmt |
| Grant | $48,242 | GrantAmt |
| Desc | PALESTINIAN FIELD OFFICE - PALESTINIAN AMERICAN RESEARCH CENTER AIMS TO FACILITATE AN ACADEMIC RESEARCH PROCESS IN ALL ASPECTS AND TO ENCOURAGE ACADEMIC INTERCHANGE THROUGH PROVIDING SUPPORT FOR SCHOLARLY ACTIVITIES IN PALESTINIAN STUDIES, ASSISTING APPLICANTS FROM PALESTINE TO APPLY FOR PARC'S RESEARCH COMPETITION, AND DEVELOPING ARCHIVAL AND TEACHING RESOURCES IN PALESTINIAN STUDIES. | Desc |
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total Program Service Expenses | $299,010 | TotalProgramServiceExpensesAmt |
| Described In Section501c3 | Yes (1) | DescribedInSection501c3Ind |
| Schedule B Required | Yes (1) | ScheduleBRequiredInd |
| Political Campaign Acty | 0 | PoliticalCampaignActyInd |
| Lobbying Activities | 0 | LobbyingActivitiesInd |
| Subject To Proxy Tax | 0 | SubjectToProxyTaxInd |
| Donor Advised Fund | 0 | DonorAdvisedFundInd |
| Conservation Easements | 0 | ConservationEasementsInd |
| Collections Of Art | 0 | CollectionsOfArtInd |
| Credit Counseling | 0 | CreditCounselingInd |
| Donor Rstr Or Quasi Endowments | 0 | DonorRstrOrQuasiEndowmentsInd |
| Report Land Building Equipment | Yes (1) | ReportLandBuildingEquipmentInd |
| Report Investments Other Sec | 0 | ReportInvestmentsOtherSecInd |
| Report Program Related Invst | 0 | ReportProgramRelatedInvstInd |
| Report Other Assets | 0 | ReportOtherAssetsInd |
| Report Other Liabilities | 0 | ReportOtherLiabilitiesInd |
| Include FIN48 Footnote | Yes (1) | IncludeFIN48FootnoteInd |
| Independent Audit Fincl Stmt | Yes (1) | IndependentAuditFinclStmtInd |
| Consolidated Audit Fincl Stmt | 0 | ConsolidatedAuditFinclStmtInd |
| School Operating | 0 | SchoolOperatingInd |
| Foreign Office | Yes (1) | ForeignOfficeInd |
| Foreign Activities | Yes (1) | ForeignActivitiesInd |
| More Than5000 K To Org | 0 | MoreThan5000KToOrgInd |
| More Than5000 K To Individuals | Yes (1) | MoreThan5000KToIndividualsInd |
| Professional Fundraising | 0 | ProfessionalFundraisingInd |
| Fundraising Activities | 0 | FundraisingActivitiesInd |
| Gaming Activities | 0 | GamingActivitiesInd |
| Operate Hospital | 0 | OperateHospitalInd |
| Grants To Organizations | 0 | GrantsToOrganizationsInd |
| Grants To Individuals | Yes (1) | GrantsToIndividualsInd |
| Schedule J Required | 0 | ScheduleJRequiredInd |
| Tax Exempt Bonds | 0 | TaxExemptBondsInd |
| Engaged In Excess Benefit Trans | 0 | EngagedInExcessBenefitTransInd |
| PY Excess Benefit Trans | 0 | PYExcessBenefitTransInd |
| Loan Outstanding | 0 | LoanOutstandingInd |
| Grant To Related Person | 0 | GrantToRelatedPersonInd |
| Business Rln With Org Mem | 0 | BusinessRlnWithOrgMemInd |
| Business Rln With Fam Mem | 0 | BusinessRlnWithFamMemInd |
| Business Rln With35 Ctrl Ent | 0 | BusinessRlnWith35CtrlEntInd |
| Deductible Non Cash Contri | 0 | DeductibleNonCashContriInd |
| Deductible Art Contribution | 0 | DeductibleArtContributionInd |
| Terminate Operations | 0 | TerminateOperationsInd |
| Partial Liquidation | 0 | PartialLiquidationInd |
| Disregarded Entity | 0 | DisregardedEntityInd |
| Related Entity | 0 | RelatedEntityInd |
| Related Organization Ctrl Ent | 0 | RelatedOrganizationCtrlEntInd |
| Trnsfr Exmpt Non Chrtbl Rltd Org | 0 | TrnsfrExmptNonChrtblRltdOrgInd |
| Activities Conducted Prtshp | 0 | ActivitiesConductedPrtshpInd |
| Schedule O Required | Yes (1) | ScheduleORequiredInd |
| IRP Document | 0 | IRPDocumentCnt |
| IRP Document W2 G | 0 | IRPDocumentW2GCnt |
| Employee | 4 | EmployeeCnt |
| Employment Tax Returns Filed | Yes (1) | EmploymentTaxReturnsFiledInd |
| Unrelated Bus Incm Over Limit | 0 | UnrelatedBusIncmOverLimitInd |
| Foreign Financial Account | Yes (1) | ForeignFinancialAccountInd |
| Foreign Country | OC | ForeignCountryCd |
| Prohibited Tax Shelter Trans | 0 | ProhibitedTaxShelterTransInd |
| Taxable Party Notification | 0 | TaxablePartyNotificationInd |
| Nondeductible Contributions | 0 | NondeductibleContributionsInd |
| Quid Pro Quo Contributions | 0 | QuidProQuoContributionsInd |
| Form8282 Property Disposed Of | 0 | Form8282PropertyDisposedOfInd |
| Rcv Fnds To Pay Prsnl Bnft Cntrct | 0 | RcvFndsToPayPrsnlBnftCntrctInd |
| Pay Premiums Prsnl Bnft Cntrct | 0 | PayPremiumsPrsnlBnftCntrctInd |
| Indoor Tanning Services | 0 | IndoorTanningServicesInd |
| Subj To Tax Rmnrtn Ex Prcht Pymt | 0 | SubjToTaxRmnrtnExPrchtPymtInd |
| Subject To Excs Tax Net Invst Inc | 0 | SubjectToExcsTaxNetInvstIncInd |
| Info In Schedule O Part VI | Yes (X) | InfoInScheduleOPartVIInd |
| Governing Body Voting Members | 15 | GoverningBodyVotingMembersCnt |
| Independent Voting Member | 15 | IndependentVotingMemberCnt |
| Family Or Business Rln | 0 | FamilyOrBusinessRlnInd |
| Delegation Of Mgmt Duties | 0 | DelegationOfMgmtDutiesInd |
| Change To Org Documents | 0 | ChangeToOrgDocumentsInd |
| Material Diversion Or Misuse | 0 | MaterialDiversionOrMisuseInd |
| Members Or Stockholders | Yes (1) | MembersOrStockholdersInd |
| Election Of Board Members | Yes (1) | ElectionOfBoardMembersInd |
| Decisions Subject To Approva | 0 | DecisionsSubjectToApprovaInd |
| Minutes Of Governing Body | Yes (1) | MinutesOfGoverningBodyInd |
| Minutes Of Committees | 0 | MinutesOfCommitteesInd |
| Officer Mailing Address | 0 | OfficerMailingAddressInd |
| Local Chapters | 0 | LocalChaptersInd |
| Form990 Provided To Gvrn Body | 0 | Form990ProvidedToGvrnBodyInd |
| Conflict Of Interest Policy | Yes (1) | ConflictOfInterestPolicyInd |
| Annual Disclosure Covered Prsn | Yes (1) | AnnualDisclosureCoveredPrsnInd |
| Regular Monitoring Enfrc | Yes (1) | RegularMonitoringEnfrcInd |
| Whistleblower Policy | Yes (1) | WhistleblowerPolicyInd |
| Document Retention Policy | Yes (1) | DocumentRetentionPolicyInd |
| Compensation Process CEO | 0 | CompensationProcessCEOInd |
| Compensation Process Other | 0 | CompensationProcessOtherInd |
| Investment In Joint Venture | 0 | InvestmentInJointVentureInd |
| Upon Request | Yes (X) | UponRequestInd |
Books In Care Of Detail BooksInCareOfDetail
Business Name BusinessName
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Business Name Line1 | PENELOPE MITCHELL | BusinessNameLine1Txt |
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Phone | 2404814601 | PhoneNum |
US Address USAddress
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Address Line1 | PO BOX 19616 | AddressLine1Txt |
| City | WASHINGTON | CityNm |
| State Abbreviation | DC | StateAbbreviationCd |
| ZIP | 20036 | ZIPCd |
Form990 Part VII Section A Form990PartVIISectionAGrp (16 entries)
| TitleTitleTxt | Average Hours Per WeekAverageHoursPerWeekRt | Individual Trustee Or DirectorIndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | OfficerOfficerInd | Reportable Comp From OrgReportableCompFromOrgAmt | Reportable Comp From Rltd OrgReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | Other CompensationOtherCompensationAmt |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PROF JULIE PETEET | ||||||
| PRESIDENT | 2.00 | Yes (X) | Yes (X) | $0 | $0 | $0 |
| DR ILANA FELDMAN | ||||||
| VICE PRESIDENT | 2.00 | Yes (X) | Yes (X) | $0 | $0 | $0 |
| PROF SHERENE SEIKALY | ||||||
| TREASURER | 2.00 | Yes (X) | Yes (X) | $0 | $0 | $0 |
| PROF JUDITH TUCKER | ||||||
| SECRETARY | 2.00 | Yes (X) | Yes (X) | $0 | $0 | $0 |
| PROF SA'ED ATSHAN | ||||||
| DIRECTOR | 2.00 | Yes (X) | $0 | $0 | $0 | |
| PROF AMAHL BISHARA | ||||||
| DIRECTOR | 2.00 | Yes (X) | $0 | $0 | $0 | |
| PROF BRIAN BOYD | ||||||
| DIRECTOR | 2.00 | Yes (X) | $0 | $0 | $0 | |
| DR MICHAEL HUDSON | ||||||
| DIRECTOR | 2.00 | Yes (X) | $0 | $0 | $0 | |
| PROF TERRY REGIER | ||||||
| DIRECTOR AS OF APRIL | 2.00 | Yes (X) | $0 | $0 | $0 | |
| PROF HEIDI MORRISON | ||||||
| DIRECTOR | 2.00 | Yes (X) | $0 | $0 | $0 | |
| JUMANA MUSA | ||||||
| DIRECTOR | 2.00 | Yes (X) | $0 | $0 | $0 | |
| PROF SUSAN SLYOMOVICS | ||||||
| DIRECTOR | 2.00 | Yes (X) | $0 | $0 | $0 | |
| PROF REBECCA STEIN | ||||||
| DIRECTOR | 2.00 | Yes (X) | $0 | $0 | $0 | |
| PROF HELGA TAWIL-SOURI | ||||||
| DIRECTOR | 2.00 | Yes (X) | $0 | $0 | $0 | |
| PROF ANDY CLARNO | ||||||
| DIRECTOR AS OF APRIL | 2.00 | Yes (X) | $0 | $0 | $0 | |
| PENELOPE MITCHELL | ||||||
| EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR | 30.00 | Yes (X) | $60,000 | $0 | $5,000 | |
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total Reportable Comp From Org | $60,000 | TotalReportableCompFromOrgAmt |
| Tot Reportable Comp Rltd Org | $0 | TotReportableCompRltdOrgAmt |
| Total Other Compensation | $5,000 | TotalOtherCompensationAmt |
| Indiv Rcvd Greater Than100 K | 0 | IndivRcvdGreaterThan100KCnt |
| Former Ofcr Employees Listed | 0 | FormerOfcrEmployeesListedInd |
| Total Comp Greater Than150 K | 0 | TotalCompGreaterThan150KInd |
| Compensation From Other Srcs | 0 | CompensationFromOtherSrcsInd |
| Cntrct Rcvd Greater Than100 K | 0 | CntrctRcvdGreaterThan100KCnt |
| Membership Dues | $72,633 | MembershipDuesAmt |
| Government Grants | $103,000 | GovernmentGrantsAmt |
| All Other Contributions | $260,020 | AllOtherContributionsAmt |
| Total Contributions | $435,653 | TotalContributionsAmt |
Investment Income InvestmentIncomeGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total Revenue Column | $6,412 | TotalRevenueColumnAmt |
| Exclusion | $6,412 | ExclusionAmt |
Gross Amount Sales Assets GrossAmountSalesAssetsGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Securities | $2,586 | SecuritiesAmt |
Less Cost Oth Basis Sales Expnss LessCostOthBasisSalesExpnssGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Securities | $464 | SecuritiesAmt |
Gain Or Loss GainOrLossGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Securities | $2,122 | SecuritiesAmt |
Net Gain Or Loss Investments NetGainOrLossInvestmentsGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total Revenue Column | $2,122 | TotalRevenueColumnAmt |
| Exclusion | $2,122 | ExclusionAmt |
Other Revenue Misc OtherRevenueMiscGrp (2 entries)
| DescDesc | BusinessBusinessCd | Total Revenue ColumnTotalRevenueColumnAmt | ExclusionExclusionAmt |
|---|---|---|---|
| OTHER INCOME | 900099 | $500 | $500 |
| GAIN ON CURRENCY EXCHA | 900099 | $311 | $311 |
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Other Revenue Total | $811 | OtherRevenueTotalAmt |
Total Revenue TotalRevenueGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total Revenue Column | $444,998 | TotalRevenueColumnAmt |
| Related Or Exempt Func Income | $0 | RelatedOrExemptFuncIncomeAmt |
| Unrelated Business Revenue | $0 | UnrelatedBusinessRevenueAmt |
| Exclusion | $9,345 | ExclusionAmt |
Grants To Domestic Individuals GrantsToDomesticIndividualsGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total | $112,698 | TotalAmt |
| Program Services | $112,698 | ProgramServicesAmt |
Foreign Grants ForeignGrantsGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total | $48,242 | TotalAmt |
| Program Services | $48,242 | ProgramServicesAmt |
Comp Current Ofcr Directors CompCurrentOfcrDirectorsGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total | $65,000 | TotalAmt |
| Program Services | $30,000 | ProgramServicesAmt |
| Management And General | $29,000 | ManagementAndGeneralAmt |
| Fundraising | $6,000 | FundraisingAmt |
Other Salaries And Wages OtherSalariesAndWagesGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total | $80,875 | TotalAmt |
| Program Services | $69,371 | ProgramServicesAmt |
| Management And General | $6,902 | ManagementAndGeneralAmt |
| Fundraising | $4,602 | FundraisingAmt |
Pension Plan Contributions PensionPlanContributionsGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total | $2,910 | TotalAmt |
| Program Services | $2,910 | ProgramServicesAmt |
Other Employee Benefits OtherEmployeeBenefitsGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total | $4,990 | TotalAmt |
| Program Services | $4,500 | ProgramServicesAmt |
| Management And General | $490 | ManagementAndGeneralAmt |
Payroll Taxes PayrollTaxesGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total | $7,201 | TotalAmt |
| Program Services | $6,121 | ProgramServicesAmt |
| Management And General | $1,080 | ManagementAndGeneralAmt |
Fees For Services Accounting FeesForServicesAccountingGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total | $13,271 | TotalAmt |
| Program Services | $2,760 | ProgramServicesAmt |
| Management And General | $10,511 | ManagementAndGeneralAmt |
Fees For Services Other FeesForServicesOtherGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total | $900 | TotalAmt |
| Program Services | $900 | ProgramServicesAmt |
Advertising AdvertisingGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total | $156 | TotalAmt |
| Program Services | $156 | ProgramServicesAmt |
Office Expenses OfficeExpensesGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total | $1,485 | TotalAmt |
| Program Services | $1,228 | ProgramServicesAmt |
| Management And General | $257 | ManagementAndGeneralAmt |
Information Technology InformationTechnologyGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total | $1,789 | TotalAmt |
| Program Services | $1,389 | ProgramServicesAmt |
| Management And General | $400 | ManagementAndGeneralAmt |
Occupancy OccupancyGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total | $11,000 | TotalAmt |
| Program Services | $11,000 | ProgramServicesAmt |
Conferences Meetings ConferencesMeetingsGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total | $7,343 | TotalAmt |
| Program Services | $6,699 | ProgramServicesAmt |
| Management And General | $644 | ManagementAndGeneralAmt |
Insurance InsuranceGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total | $1,074 | TotalAmt |
| Management And General | $1,074 | ManagementAndGeneralAmt |
Other Expenses OtherExpensesGrp (3 entries)
| DescDesc | TotalTotalAmt | Management And GeneralManagementAndGeneralAmt | Program ServicesProgramServicesAmt | FundraisingFundraisingAmt |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DUES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS | $3,000 | $3,000 | ||
| SEMINAR | $1,036 | $1,036 | ||
| FUNDRAISING WEBSITE FEE | $948 | $948 |
Total Functional Expenses TotalFunctionalExpensesGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total | $363,918 | TotalAmt |
| Program Services | $299,010 | ProgramServicesAmt |
| Management And General | $53,358 | ManagementAndGeneralAmt |
| Fundraising | $11,550 | FundraisingAmt |
Cash Non Interest Bearing CashNonInterestBearingGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| BOY | $127,616 | BOYAmt |
| EOY | $221,904 | EOYAmt |
Savings And Temp Cash Invst SavingsAndTempCashInvstGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| BOY | $11,921 | BOYAmt |
| EOY | $14,726 | EOYAmt |
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Land Bldg Equip Cost Or Other Bss | $6,048 | LandBldgEquipCostOrOtherBssAmt |
| Land Bldg Equip Accum Deprec | $6,048 | LandBldgEquipAccumDeprecAmt |
Land Bldg Equip Basis Net LandBldgEquipBasisNetGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| BOY | $0 | BOYAmt |
| EOY | $0 | EOYAmt |
Investments Pub Traded Sec InvestmentsPubTradedSecGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| BOY | $130,114 | BOYAmt |
| EOY | $143,402 | EOYAmt |
Other Assets Total OtherAssetsTotalGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| BOY | $7,500 | BOYAmt |
| EOY | $5,600 | EOYAmt |
Total Assets TotalAssetsGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| BOY | $277,151 | BOYAmt |
| EOY | $385,632 | EOYAmt |
Accounts Payable Accr Expnss AccountsPayableAccrExpnssGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| BOY | $21,749 | BOYAmt |
| EOY | $28,396 | EOYAmt |
Unsecured Notes Loans Payable UnsecuredNotesLoansPayableGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| EOY | $16,000 | EOYAmt |
Total Liabilities TotalLiabilitiesGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| BOY | $21,749 | BOYAmt |
| EOY | $44,396 | EOYAmt |
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Organization Follows FASB117 | Yes (X) | OrganizationFollowsFASB117Ind |
No Donor Restriction Net Assets NoDonorRestrictionNetAssetsGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| BOY | $214,043 | BOYAmt |
| EOY | $279,807 | EOYAmt |
Donor Restriction Net Assets DonorRestrictionNetAssetsGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| BOY | $41,359 | BOYAmt |
| EOY | $61,429 | EOYAmt |
Total Net Assets Fund Balance TotalNetAssetsFundBalanceGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| BOY | $255,402 | BOYAmt |
| EOY | $341,236 | EOYAmt |
Tot Liab Net Assets Fund Balance TotLiabNetAssetsFundBalanceGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| BOY | $277,151 | BOYAmt |
| EOY | $385,632 | EOYAmt |
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Reconcilation Revenue Expnss | $81,080 | ReconcilationRevenueExpnssAmt |
| Net Unrlzd Gains Losses Invst | $4,754 | NetUnrlzdGainsLossesInvstAmt |
| Other Changes In Net Assets | $0 | OtherChangesInNetAssetsAmt |
| Info In Schedule O Part XII | Yes (X) | InfoInScheduleOPartXIIInd |
| Method Of Accounting Other | Yes (X) | MethodOfAccountingOtherInd |
| Accountant Compile Or Review | 0 | AccountantCompileOrReviewInd |
| FS Audited | Yes (1) | FSAuditedInd |
FS Audited Basis FSAuditedBasisGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Separate Basis Fincl Stmt | Yes (X) | SeparateBasisFinclStmtInd |
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Audit Committee | 0 | AuditCommitteeInd |
| Federal Grant Audit Required | 0 | FederalGrantAuditRequiredInd |
Schedule A IRS990ScheduleA
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Public Organization170 | Yes (X) | PublicOrganization170Ind |
Gifts Grants Contri Rcvd170 GiftsGrantsContriRcvd170Grp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Current Tax Year Minus4 Years | $351,856 | CurrentTaxYearMinus4YearsAmt |
| Current Tax Year Minus3 Years | $362,148 | CurrentTaxYearMinus3YearsAmt |
| Current Tax Year Minus2 Years | $445,940 | CurrentTaxYearMinus2YearsAmt |
| Current Tax Year Minus1 Year | $355,861 | CurrentTaxYearMinus1YearAmt |
| Current Tax Year | $435,653 | CurrentTaxYearAmt |
| Total | $1,951,458 | TotalAmt |
Total Calendar Year170 TotalCalendarYear170Grp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Current Tax Year Minus4 Years | $351,856 | CurrentTaxYearMinus4YearsAmt |
| Current Tax Year Minus3 Years | $362,148 | CurrentTaxYearMinus3YearsAmt |
| Current Tax Year Minus2 Years | $445,940 | CurrentTaxYearMinus2YearsAmt |
| Current Tax Year Minus1 Year | $355,861 | CurrentTaxYearMinus1YearAmt |
| Current Tax Year | $435,653 | CurrentTaxYearAmt |
| Total | $1,951,458 | TotalAmt |
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Substantial Contributors Tot | $490,786 | SubstantialContributorsTotAmt |
| Public Support Total170 | $1,460,672 | PublicSupportTotal170Amt |
Gross Investment Income170 GrossInvestmentIncome170Grp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Current Tax Year Minus4 Years | $3,242 | CurrentTaxYearMinus4YearsAmt |
| Current Tax Year Minus3 Years | $2,408 | CurrentTaxYearMinus3YearsAmt |
| Current Tax Year Minus2 Years | $6,304 | CurrentTaxYearMinus2YearsAmt |
| Current Tax Year Minus1 Year | $4,605 | CurrentTaxYearMinus1YearAmt |
| Current Tax Year | $6,412 | CurrentTaxYearAmt |
| Total | $22,971 | TotalAmt |
Other Income170 OtherIncome170Grp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Current Tax Year Minus4 Years | $5,600 | CurrentTaxYearMinus4YearsAmt |
| Current Tax Year Minus3 Years | $4,930 | CurrentTaxYearMinus3YearsAmt |
| Current Tax Year Minus2 Years | $480 | CurrentTaxYearMinus2YearsAmt |
| Current Tax Year Minus1 Year | $633 | CurrentTaxYearMinus1YearAmt |
| Current Tax Year | $811 | CurrentTaxYearAmt |
| Total | $12,454 | TotalAmt |
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total Support | $1,986,883 | TotalSupportAmt |
| Public Support CY170 | 0.73520 | PublicSupportCY170Pct |
| Public Support PY170 | 0.73430 | PublicSupportPY170Pct |
| Thirty Thr Pct Suprt Tests CY170 | Yes (X) | ThirtyThrPctSuprtTestsCY170Ind |
Form990 Schedule A Part VI Form990ScheduleAPartVIGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Form And Line Reference | SCHEDULE A, PART II, LINE 10, EXPLANATION OF OTHER INCOME: | FormAndLineReferenceDesc |
| Explanation | MISCELLANEOUS REVENUE - 2016 AMOUNT: $ 1,500. 2018 AMOUNT: $ 480. 2020 AMOUNT: $ 500. REIMBURSEMENTS - 2016 AMOUNT: $ 4,100. 2017 AMOUNT: $ 4,346. 2019 AMOUNT: $ 64. GAIN ON CURRENCY EXCHANGE - 2017 AMOUNT: $ 584. 2019 AMOUNT: $ 569. 2020 AMOUNT: $ 311. | ExplanationTxt |
Schedule B IRS990ScheduleB
Contributor Information ContributorInformationGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Contributor | RESTRICTED | ContributorNum |
Contributor Business Name ContributorBusinessName
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Business Name Line1 | RESTRICTED | BusinessNameLine1 |
Contributor US Address ContributorUSAddress
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Address Line1 | RESTRICTED | AddressLine1 |
| Address Line2 | RESTRICTED | AddressLine2 |
| City | RESTRICTED | City |
| State | RESTRICTED | State |
| ZIP Code | RESTRICTED | ZIPCode |
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total Contributions | RESTRICTED | TotalContributionsAmt |
Schedule D IRS990ScheduleD
Equipment EquipmentGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Other Cost Or Other Basis | $6,048 | OtherCostOrOtherBasisAmt |
| Depreciation | $6,048 | DepreciationAmt |
| Book Value | $0 | BookValueAmt |
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Total Book Value Land Buildings | $0 | TotalBookValueLandBuildingsAmt |
| Footnote Text | Yes (X) | FootnoteTextInd |
| Total Rev Etc Audited Fincl Stmt | $449,752 | TotalRevEtcAuditedFinclStmtAmt |
| Net Unrealized Gains Invst | $4,754 | NetUnrealizedGainsInvstAmt |
| Revenue Not Reported | $4,754 | RevenueNotReportedAmt |
| Revenue Subtotal | $444,998 | RevenueSubtotalAmt |
| Revenue Not Reported Fincl Stmt | $0 | RevenueNotReportedFinclStmtAmt |
| Total Revenue Per Form990 | $444,998 | TotalRevenuePerForm990Amt |
| Tot Expns Etc Audited Fincl Stmt | $363,918 | TotExpnsEtcAuditedFinclStmtAmt |
| Expenses Not Reported | $0 | ExpensesNotReportedAmt |
| Expenses Subtotal | $363,918 | ExpensesSubtotalAmt |
| Expenses Not Rpt Fincl Stmt | $0 | ExpensesNotRptFinclStmtAmt |
| Total Expenses Per Form990 | $363,918 | TotalExpensesPerForm990Amt |
Supplemental Information Detail SupplementalInformationDetail
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Form And Line Reference | PART X, LINE 2: | FormAndLineReferenceDesc |
| Explanation | PARC BELIEVES THAT IT HAS APPROPRIATE SUPPORT FOR ANY TAX POSITIONS TAKEN, AND AS SUCH, DOES NOT HAVE ANY UNCERTAIN TAX POSITIONS THAT ARE MATERIAL TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OR THAT WOULD HAVE AN EFFECT IN ITS TAX-EXEMPT STATUS. THERE ARE NO UNRECOGNIZED TAX BENEFITS OR LIABILITIES THAT NEED TO BE RECORDED. | ExplanationTxt |
Schedule F IRS990ScheduleF
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Grant Records Maintained | Yes (1) | GrantRecordsMaintainedInd |
Account Activities Outside US AccountActivitiesOutsideUSGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Region | MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA | RegionTxt |
| Offices | 1 | OfficesCnt |
| Employee | 2 | EmployeeCnt |
| Type Of Activities Conducted | PROGRAM SERVICES, INCLUDING FELLOWSHIP GRANTS, SALARIES, RENT AND OTHER EXPENSES. | TypeOfActivitiesConductedTxt |
| Specific Services Provided | FACILITATES THE ACADEMIC RESEARCH PROCESS BY PROVIDING SUPPORT FOR SCHOLARLY ACTIVITIES IN PALESTINIAN STUDIES, ASSISTING APPLICANTS FROM PALESTINE TO APPLY FOR PARC'S RESEARCH COMPETITION, AND DEVELOPING ARCHIVAL AND TEACHING RESOURCES IN PALESTINIAN STUDIES. | SpecificServicesProvidedTxt |
| Region Total Expenditures | $163,062 | RegionTotalExpendituresAmt |
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Subtotal Offices | 1 | SubtotalOfficesCnt |
| Subtotal Employees | 2 | SubtotalEmployeesCnt |
| Continuation Total Office | 0 | ContinuationTotalOfficeCnt |
| Continuation Total Employee | 0 | ContinuationTotalEmployeeCnt |
| Total Office | 1 | TotalOfficeCnt |
| Total Employee | 2 | TotalEmployeeCnt |
| Subtotal Spent | $163,062 | SubtotalSpentAmt |
| Continuation Spent | $0 | ContinuationSpentAmt |
| Total Spent | $163,062 | TotalSpentAmt |
Foreign Individuals Grants ForeignIndividualsGrantsGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Type Of Assistance | SCHOLARSHIPS AND FELLOWSHIPS | TypeOfAssistanceTxt |
| Region | MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA - | RegionTxt |
| Recipient | 17 | RecipientCnt |
| Cash Grant | $48,242 | CashGrantAmt |
| Manner Of Cash Disbursement | CASH/WIRE TRANSFER | MannerOfCashDisbursementTxt |
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Transfer To Foreign Corp | 0 | TransferToForeignCorpInd |
| Interest In Foreign Trust | 0 | InterestInForeignTrustInd |
| Foreign Corp Ownership | 0 | ForeignCorpOwnershipInd |
| Passive Foreign Investmest Co | 0 | PassiveForeignInvestmestCoInd |
| Foreign Partnership | 0 | ForeignPartnershipInd |
| Boycott Countries | 0 | BoycottCountriesInd |
Supplemental Information Detail SupplementalInformationDetail (2 entries)
| Form And Line ReferenceFormAndLineReferenceDesc | ExplanationExplanationTxt |
|---|---|
| PART I, LINE 2: | THE ORGANIZATION REQUIRES SUBMISSION OF A FINAL REPORT BEFORE THE FINAL FUNDS ARE RELEASED. |
| PART III ACCOUNTING METHOD: |
Schedule I IRS990ScheduleI
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Grant Records Maintained | Yes (1) | GrantRecordsMaintainedInd |
Grants Other Asst To Indiv In US GrantsOtherAsstToIndivInUSGrp
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Grant Type | SCHOLARSHIPS AND FELLOWSHIPS | GrantTypeTxt |
| Recipient | 15 | RecipientCnt |
| Cash Grant | $112,698 | CashGrantAmt |
Supplemental Information Detail SupplementalInformationDetail
| Field | Value | IRS element (for citing) |
|---|---|---|
| Form And Line Reference | PART I, LINE 2: | FormAndLineReferenceDesc |
| Explanation | THE ORGANIZATION REQUIRES SUBMISSION OF A FINAL REPORT BEFORE FINAL FUNDS ARE RELEASED. | ExplanationTxt |
Schedule O IRS990ScheduleO
Supplemental Information Detail SupplementalInformationDetail (7 entries)
| Form And Line ReferenceFormAndLineReferenceDesc | ExplanationExplanationTxt |
|---|---|
| FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION A, LINE 6 | THERE ARE TWO TWO TYPES OF MEMBERSHIP IN THE CORPORATION: INSTITUTIONAL AND INDIVIDUAL. INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERS ARE DEFINED AS ACADEMIC AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS WHICH DUES IN ANNUAL AMOUNTS AS MAY BE SET BY THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS. INDIVIDUALS SHALL BE ELIGIBLE TO BECOME MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION ON APPLICATION TO THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS AND PAYMENT OF SUCH ANNUAL DUES AS THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS MAY DETERMINE. |
| FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION A, LINE 7A | INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS IN GOOD STANDING ELECT A TOTAL OF THREE GOVERNORS TO THE BOARD. THE BOARD APPOINTS A TOTAL OF THREE GOVERNORS TO THE BOARD TO REPRESENT INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERS IN GOOD STANDING. |
| FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION A, LINE 8B | THE ORGANIZATION HAS NO COMMITTEES WITH AUTHORITY TO ACT ON BEHALF OF THE GOVERNING BODY. |
| FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 11B | THE ORGANIZATION'S GOVERNING BODY ASSIGNS MANAGEMENT THE TASK OF REVIEWING THE FORM 990. THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR AND THE TREASURER REVIEW THE 990 BEFORE IT IS SIGNED BY THE SECRETARY AND FILED WITH THE IRS. |
| FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 12C | BOARD MEMBERS MUST SIGN A CONFLICT OF INTEREST FORM ANNUALLY DISCLOSING ANY CONFLICTS. |
| FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION C, LINE 19 | THE ORGANIZATION MAKES ITS GOVERNING DOCUMENTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST. |
| FORM 990, PART XII, LINE 1: | PARC'S ACCOUNTS ARE MAINTAINED ON A MODIFIED CASH BASIS WHEREBY INVESTMENTS ARE STATED AT FAIR VALUE AND EQUIPMENT WITH A USEFUL LIFE GREATER THAN FIVE YEARS ARE CAPITALIZED. THE STATEMENT OF REVENUE, EXPENSES AND CHANGE IN NET ASSETS - MODIFIED CASH BASIS REFLECTS ONLY CASH RECEIVED AND DISBURSED, EXCEPT FOR CHANGES IN FAIR VALUE OF INVESTMENTS, DEPRECIATION OF EQUIPMENT AND ACCRUED PAYROLL EXPENSES AND OTHER. THEREFORE, RECEIVABLES, ACCRUED INCOME, AND ACCRUED EXPENSES AND PAYABLES, WHICH MAY BE MATERIAL IN AMOUNT, ARE NOT REFLECTED IN THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OR THIS 990 RETURN, WHICH ARE NOT INTENDED TO PRESENT THE FINANCIAL POSITION, RESULTS OF OPERATIONS OR CHANGES IN FINANCIAL POSITION IN CONFORMITY WITH GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES. |
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