SALK INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STUDIES: Form 990, tax year 2024

View the entire original 990 at ProPublica ↗

Organization: SALK INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STUDIES (EIN 95-2160097)
Tax period: 2024-07-01 to 2025-06-30
Filed: 2026-04-29
IRS object ID: 202621199349301662
Schema version: 2024v5.1
Source: Download XML · Original 990 at ProPublica

Every field in the e-filed return. Faint text is the IRS element name, for citing.

Return header
Form 990
Schedule A
Schedule B
Schedule C
Schedule D
Schedule F
Schedule G
Schedule J
Schedule L
Schedule M
Schedule O
Schedule R

Return header ReturnHeader

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Return	2026-04-29T13:02:40+00:00	ReturnTs
Tax Period End	2025-06-30	TaxPeriodEndDt

Preparer Firm PreparerFirmGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Preparer Firm EIN	346565596	PreparerFirmEIN

Preparer Firm Name PreparerFirmName

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Business Name Line1	ERNST & YOUNG US LLP	BusinessNameLine1Txt

Preparer US Address PreparerUSAddress

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Address Line1	101 E WASHINGTON ST	AddressLine1Txt
City	PHOENIX	CityNm
State Abbreviation	AZ	StateAbbreviationCd
ZIP	85004	ZIPCd

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Return Type	990	ReturnTypeCd
Tax Period Begin	2024-07-01	TaxPeriodBeginDt

Filer Filer

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
EIN	952160097	EIN

Business Name BusinessName

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Business Name Line1	The Salk Institute for Biological Studies	BusinessNameLine1Txt

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Business Name Control	SALK	BusinessNameControlTxt
Phone	8584534100	PhoneNum

US Address USAddress

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Address Line1	10010 N TORREY PINES ROAD	AddressLine1Txt
City	LA JOLLA	CityNm
State Abbreviation	CA	StateAbbreviationCd
ZIP	920371002	ZIPCd

Business Officer BusinessOfficerGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Person	Marie Carter-Dubois	PersonNm
Person Title	CFO	PersonTitleTxt
Phone	8584534100	PhoneNum
Signature	2026-04-29	SignatureDt
Discuss With Paid Preparer	Yes (true)	DiscussWithPaidPreparerInd

Preparer Person PreparerPersonGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Preparer Person	Steven T Rutti	PreparerPersonNm
PTIN	P00775456	PTIN
Phone	6023223000	PhoneNum
Preparation	2026-04-29	PreparationDt

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Tax	2024	TaxYr
Build TS	2025-03-06 01:10:19Z	BuildTS

Form 990 IRS990

Principal Ofcr Business Name PrincipalOfcrBusinessName

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Business Name Line1	GERALD JOYCE	BusinessNameLine1Txt

US Address USAddress

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Address Line1	10010 N TORREY PINES ROAD	AddressLine1Txt
City	LA JOLLA	CityNm
State Abbreviation	CA	StateAbbreviationCd
ZIP	920371002	ZIPCd

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Gross Receipts	$340,360,680	GrossReceiptsAmt
Group Return For Affiliates	false	GroupReturnForAffiliatesInd
Organization501c3	Yes (X)	Organization501c3Ind
Website Address	WWW.SALK.EDU	WebsiteAddressTxt
Type Of Organization Corp	Yes (X)	TypeOfOrganizationCorpInd
Formation	1960	FormationYr
Legal Domicile State	CA	LegalDomicileStateCd
Activity Or Mission	BASIC RESEARCH IN THE FOLLOWING: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETICS, NEUROSCIENCE, AND PLANT BIOLOGY.	ActivityOrMissionDesc
Voting Members Governing Body	29	VotingMembersGoverningBodyCnt
Voting Members Independent	24	VotingMembersIndependentCnt
Total Employee	1092	TotalEmployeeCnt
Total Volunteers	26	TotalVolunteersCnt
Total Gross UBI	$574,651	TotalGrossUBIAmt
Net Unrelated Bus Txbl Incm	$59,905	NetUnrelatedBusTxblIncmAmt
PY Contributions Grants	$139,394,431	PYContributionsGrantsAmt
CY Contributions Grants	$155,691,017	CYContributionsGrantsAmt
PY Program Service Revenue	$0	PYProgramServiceRevenueAmt
CY Program Service Revenue	$0	CYProgramServiceRevenueAmt
PY Investment Income	$22,040,070	PYInvestmentIncomeAmt
CY Investment Income	$25,082,213	CYInvestmentIncomeAmt
PY Other Revenue	-$268,031	PYOtherRevenueAmt
CY Other Revenue	$620,212	CYOtherRevenueAmt
PY Total Revenue	$161,166,470	PYTotalRevenueAmt
CY Total Revenue	$181,393,442	CYTotalRevenueAmt
PY Grants And Similar Paid	$0	PYGrantsAndSimilarPaidAmt
CY Grants And Similar Paid	$0	CYGrantsAndSimilarPaidAmt
PY Benefits Paid To Members	$0	PYBenefitsPaidToMembersAmt
CY Benefits Paid To Members	$0	CYBenefitsPaidToMembersAmt
PY Salaries Comp Emp Bnft Paid	$93,365,130	PYSalariesCompEmpBnftPaidAmt
CY Salaries Comp Emp Bnft Paid	$90,398,700	CYSalariesCompEmpBnftPaidAmt
PY Total Prof Fndrsng Expns	$0	PYTotalProfFndrsngExpnsAmt
CY Total Prof Fndrsng Expns	$0	CYTotalProfFndrsngExpnsAmt
CY Total Fundraising Expense	$5,687,417	CYTotalFundraisingExpenseAmt
PY Other Expenses	$83,864,106	PYOtherExpensesAmt
CY Other Expenses	$86,492,099	CYOtherExpensesAmt
PY Total Expenses	$177,229,236	PYTotalExpensesAmt
CY Total Expenses	$176,890,799	CYTotalExpensesAmt
PY Revenues Less Expenses	-$16,062,766	PYRevenuesLessExpensesAmt
CY Revenues Less Expenses	$4,502,643	CYRevenuesLessExpensesAmt
Total Assets BOY	$822,778,011	TotalAssetsBOYAmt
Total Assets EOY	$836,148,506	TotalAssetsEOYAmt
Total Liabilities BOY	$173,371,281	TotalLiabilitiesBOYAmt
Total Liabilities EOY	$149,172,313	TotalLiabilitiesEOYAmt
Net Assets Or Fund Balances BOY	$649,406,730	NetAssetsOrFundBalancesBOYAmt
Net Assets Or Fund Balances EOY	$686,976,193	NetAssetsOrFundBalancesEOYAmt
Mission	UNLOCKING THE SECRETS OF LIFE ITSELF IS THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND THE SALK INSTITUTE. OUR TEAM OF WORLD-CLASS, AWARD-WINNING SCIENTISTS PUSHES BOUNDARIES OF KNOWLEDGE IN AREAS SUCH AS NEUROSCIENCE, CANCER RESEARCH, AGING, IMMUNOBIOLOGY, PLANT BIOLOGY, COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY, AND MORE. FOUNDED BY JONAS SALK, DEVELOPER OF THE FIRST SAFE AND EFFECTIVE POLIO VACCINE, THE INSTITUTE IS AN INDEPENDENT, NONPROFIT RESEARCH ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURAL LANDMARK: SMALL BY CHOICE, INTIMATE BY NATURE, AND FEARLESS IN THE FACE OF ANY CHALLENGE.	MissionDesc
Significant New Program Srvc	false	SignificantNewProgramSrvcInd
Significant Change	false	SignificantChangeInd
Expense	$148,586,524	ExpenseAmt
Grant	$0	GrantAmt
Revenue	$0	RevenueAmt
Desc	SEE SCHEDULE O	Desc
Total Program Service Expenses	$148,586,524	TotalProgramServiceExpensesAmt
Described In Section501c3	Yes (true)	DescribedInSection501c3Ind
Schedule B Required	Yes (true)	ScheduleBRequiredInd
Political Campaign Acty	false	PoliticalCampaignActyInd
Lobbying Activities	Yes (true)	LobbyingActivitiesInd
Subject To Proxy Tax	false	SubjectToProxyTaxInd
Donor Advised Fund	false	DonorAdvisedFundInd
Conservation Easements	false	ConservationEasementsInd
Collections Of Art	false	CollectionsOfArtInd
Credit Counseling	false	CreditCounselingInd
Donor Rstr Or Quasi Endowments	Yes (true)	DonorRstrOrQuasiEndowmentsInd
Report Land Building Equipment	Yes (true)	ReportLandBuildingEquipmentInd
Report Investments Other Sec	Yes (true)	ReportInvestmentsOtherSecInd
Report Program Related Invst	false	ReportProgramRelatedInvstInd
Report Other Assets	false	ReportOtherAssetsInd
Report Other Liabilities	Yes (true)	ReportOtherLiabilitiesInd
Include FIN48 Footnote	Yes (true)	IncludeFIN48FootnoteInd
Independent Audit Fincl Stmt	Yes (true)	IndependentAuditFinclStmtInd
Consolidated Audit Fincl Stmt	false	ConsolidatedAuditFinclStmtInd
School Operating	false	SchoolOperatingInd
Foreign Office	false	ForeignOfficeInd
Foreign Activities	Yes (true)	ForeignActivitiesInd
More Than5000 K To Org	false	MoreThan5000KToOrgInd
More Than5000 K To Individuals	false	MoreThan5000KToIndividualsInd
Professional Fundraising	false	ProfessionalFundraisingInd
Fundraising Activities	Yes (true)	FundraisingActivitiesInd
Gaming Activities	false	GamingActivitiesInd
Operate Hospital	false	OperateHospitalInd
Grants To Organizations	false	GrantsToOrganizationsInd
Grants To Individuals	false	GrantsToIndividualsInd
Schedule J Required	Yes (true)	ScheduleJRequiredInd
Tax Exempt Bonds	false	TaxExemptBondsInd
Escrow Account	false	EscrowAccountInd
On Behalf Of Issuer	false	OnBehalfOfIssuerInd
Engaged In Excess Benefit Trans	false	EngagedInExcessBenefitTransInd
PY Excess Benefit Trans	false	PYExcessBenefitTransInd
Loan Outstanding	Yes (true)	LoanOutstandingInd
Grant To Related Person	false	GrantToRelatedPersonInd
Business Rln With Org Mem	false	BusinessRlnWithOrgMemInd
Business Rln With Fam Mem	false	BusinessRlnWithFamMemInd
Business Rln With35 Ctrl Ent	false	BusinessRlnWith35CtrlEntInd
Deductible Non Cash Contri	Yes (true)	DeductibleNonCashContriInd
Deductible Art Contribution	false	DeductibleArtContributionInd
Terminate Operations	false	TerminateOperationsInd
Partial Liquidation	false	PartialLiquidationInd
Disregarded Entity	false	DisregardedEntityInd
Related Entity	Yes (true)	RelatedEntityInd
Related Organization Ctrl Ent	Yes (true)	RelatedOrganizationCtrlEntInd
Transaction With Control Ent	false	TransactionWithControlEntInd
Trnsfr Exmpt Non Chrtbl Rltd Org	false	TrnsfrExmptNonChrtblRltdOrgInd
Activities Conducted Prtshp	false	ActivitiesConductedPrtshpInd
Schedule O Required	Yes (true)	ScheduleORequiredInd
IRP Document	144	IRPDocumentCnt
IRP Document W2 G	0	IRPDocumentW2GCnt
Backup Wthld Compliance	Yes (true)	BackupWthldComplianceInd
Employee	1092	EmployeeCnt
Employment Tax Returns Filed	Yes (true)	EmploymentTaxReturnsFiledInd
Unrelated Bus Incm Over Limit	Yes (true)	UnrelatedBusIncmOverLimitInd
Form990 T Filed	Yes (true)	Form990TFiledInd
Foreign Financial Account	false	ForeignFinancialAccountInd
Prohibited Tax Shelter Trans	false	ProhibitedTaxShelterTransInd
Taxable Party Notification	false	TaxablePartyNotificationInd
Nondeductible Contributions	false	NondeductibleContributionsInd
Quid Pro Quo Contributions	Yes (true)	QuidProQuoContributionsInd
Quid Pro Quo Contri Discl	Yes (true)	QuidProQuoContriDisclInd
Form8282 Property Disposed Of	false	Form8282PropertyDisposedOfInd
Rcv Fnds To Pay Prsnl Bnft Cntrct	false	RcvFndsToPayPrsnlBnftCntrctInd
Pay Premiums Prsnl Bnft Cntrct	false	PayPremiumsPrsnlBnftCntrctInd
Indoor Tanning Services	false	IndoorTanningServicesInd
Subj To Tax Rmnrtn Ex Prcht Pymt	false	SubjToTaxRmnrtnExPrchtPymtInd
Subject To Excs Tax Net Invst Inc	false	SubjectToExcsTaxNetInvstIncInd
Info In Schedule O Part VI	Yes (X)	InfoInScheduleOPartVIInd
Governing Body Voting Members	29	GoverningBodyVotingMembersCnt
Independent Voting Member	24	IndependentVotingMemberCnt
Family Or Business Rln	false	FamilyOrBusinessRlnInd
Delegation Of Mgmt Duties	false	DelegationOfMgmtDutiesInd
Change To Org Documents	false	ChangeToOrgDocumentsInd
Material Diversion Or Misuse	false	MaterialDiversionOrMisuseInd
Members Or Stockholders	Yes (true)	MembersOrStockholdersInd
Election Of Board Members	Yes (true)	ElectionOfBoardMembersInd
Decisions Subject To Approva	Yes (true)	DecisionsSubjectToApprovaInd
Minutes Of Governing Body	Yes (true)	MinutesOfGoverningBodyInd
Minutes Of Committees	Yes (true)	MinutesOfCommitteesInd
Officer Mailing Address	false	OfficerMailingAddressInd
Local Chapters	false	LocalChaptersInd
Policies Reference Chapters	false	PoliciesReferenceChaptersInd
Form990 Provided To Gvrn Body	false	Form990ProvidedToGvrnBodyInd
Conflict Of Interest Policy	Yes (true)	ConflictOfInterestPolicyInd
Annual Disclosure Covered Prsn	Yes (true)	AnnualDisclosureCoveredPrsnInd
Regular Monitoring Enfrc	Yes (true)	RegularMonitoringEnfrcInd
Whistleblower Policy	Yes (true)	WhistleblowerPolicyInd
Document Retention Policy	Yes (true)	DocumentRetentionPolicyInd
Compensation Process CEO	Yes (true)	CompensationProcessCEOInd
Compensation Process Other	Yes (true)	CompensationProcessOtherInd
Investment In Joint Venture	false	InvestmentInJointVentureInd
Written Policy Or Procedure	false	WrittenPolicyOrProcedureInd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	CA	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	CO	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	CT	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	DC	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	FL	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	GA	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	AL	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	HI	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	IL	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	KS	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	KY	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	ME	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	AK	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	MD	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	MA	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	MI	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	MN	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	MS	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	MO	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	NV	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	NH	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	NJ	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	NM	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	NY	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	NC	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	ND	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	OH	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	OK	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	OR	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	PA	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	RI	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	SC	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	TN	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	TX	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	UT	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	VA	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	AR	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	WA	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	WV	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
States Where Copy Of Return Is Fld	WI	StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
Own Website	Yes (X)	OwnWebsiteInd
Upon Request	Yes (X)	UponRequestInd

Books In Care Of Detail BooksInCareOfDetail

Business Name BusinessName

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Business Name Line1	MARIE CARTER-DUBOIS	BusinessNameLine1Txt

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Phone	8584534100	PhoneNum

US Address USAddress

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Address Line1	10010 N TORREY PINES ROAD	AddressLine1Txt
City	LA JOLLA	CityNm
State Abbreviation	CA	StateAbbreviationCd
ZIP	920371002	ZIPCd

Form990 Part VII Section A Form990PartVIISectionAGrp (39 entries)

TitleTitleTxt	Average Hours Per WeekAverageHoursPerWeekRt	Individual Trustee Or DirectorIndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd	OfficerOfficerInd	Reportable Comp From OrgReportableCompFromOrgAmt	Reportable Comp From Rltd OrgReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt	Other CompensationOtherCompensationAmt	Highest Compensated EmployeeHighestCompensatedEmployeeInd
GERALD JOYCE MD PHD
PRESIDENT / PROFESSOR	50.0	Yes (X)	Yes (X)	$907,583	$0	$62,377
MARNA C WHITTINGTON PHD
CHAIR	2.0	Yes (X)	Yes (X)	$0	$0	$0
TERRY ROSEN PHD
VICE CHAIR	2.0	Yes (X)	Yes (X)	$0	$0	$0
AMY JACOBS
TRUSTEE	0.5	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
BENJAMIN H LEWIS
TRUSTEE	0.5	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
CAROL GALLAGHER PHARMD
TRUSTEE	2.0	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
CHRISTIAN METALLO PHD
TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR (INCOMING APR 2025)	50.0	Yes (X)		$310,492	$0	$59,952
CORINNE MENTZELOPOULOS
TRUSTEE	0.5	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
DANIEL C LEWIS
TRUSTEE (OUTGOING NOV 2024)	0.5	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
DANIEL TIERNEY
TRUSTEE	0.5	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
DAVID DOLBY
TRUSTEE	0.5	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
EDWIN K HUNTER
TRUSTEE (OUTGOING NOV 2024)	0.5	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
ERIC SAGERMAN
TRUSTEE	2.0	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
FRED LUDDY
TRUSTEE	0.5	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
FREDERICK J DOTZLER
TRUSTEE	0.5	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
FREDERIK PAULSEN PHD
TRUSTEE	0.5	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
HAEYOUNG KONG TANG PHD
TRUSTEE	2.0	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
HORACIO VALEIRAS
TRUSTEE (INCOMING MAY 2025)	0.5	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
HOWARD H NEWMAN PHD
TRUSTEE	0.5	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
IRVING WEISSMAN MD
TRUSTEE	0.5	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
JANELLE AYRES PHD
TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR	50.0	Yes (X)		$203,498	$0	$30,094
JAY FLATLEY
TRUSTEE	0.5	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
LYN HUTTON
TRUSTEE	2.0	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
MARK KNICKREHM
TRUSTEE	0.5	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
MARKUS REINHARD
TRUSTEE	2.0	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
MARY JANE SALK
TRUSTEE	0.5	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
REUBEN SHAW PHD
TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR (OUTGOING MAR 2025)	50.0	Yes (X)		$411,517	$0	$58,573
RICHARD A HEYMAN PHD
TRUSTEE	2.0	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
SANJAY K JHA PHD
TRUSTEE	0.5	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
TIMOTHY M SCHOEN
TRUSTEE	2.0	Yes (X)		$0	$0	$0
WOLFGANG BUSCH PHD
TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR	50.0	Yes (X)		$340,005	$0	$60,872
JULIA A MILLER JD
SECRETARY/GENERAL COUNSEL	50.0		Yes (X)	$430,675	$0	$68,461
KIM E WITMER
TREASURER/SVP FINANCE & ADMN (OUTGOING OCT 2024)	50.0		Yes (X)	$446,572	$0	$49,909
KIMBERLY CASTILLO
CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER	50.0		Yes (X)	$353,369	$0	$61,838
EDWARD CALLAWAY PHD
PROFESSOR	50.0			$383,288	$0	$65,927	Yes (X)
FRED GAGE PHD
PROFESSOR	50.0			$453,121	$0	$63,722	Yes (X)
JAN KARLSEDER PHD
PROFESSOR	50.0			$490,287	$0	$64,146	Yes (X)
JERRY SHEEHAN
CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER	50.0			$354,307	$0	$44,255	Yes (X)
SUSAN KAECH PHD
PROFESSOR	50.0			$356,518	$0	$65,789	Yes (X)

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total Reportable Comp From Org	$5,441,232	TotalReportableCompFromOrgAmt
Tot Reportable Comp Rltd Org	$0	TotReportableCompRltdOrgAmt
Total Other Compensation	$755,915	TotalOtherCompensationAmt
Indiv Rcvd Greater Than100 K	168	IndivRcvdGreaterThan100KCnt
Former Ofcr Employees Listed	false	FormerOfcrEmployeesListedInd
Total Comp Greater Than150 K	Yes (true)	TotalCompGreaterThan150KInd
Compensation From Other Srcs	false	CompensationFromOtherSrcsInd

Contractor Compensation ContractorCompensationGrp (5 entries)

Address Line1ContractorAddress/USAddress/AddressLine1Txt	CityContractorAddress/USAddress/CityNm	State AbbreviationContractorAddress/USAddress/StateAbbreviationCd	ZIPContractorAddress/USAddress/ZIPCd	ServicesServicesDesc	CompensationCompensationAmt
EAST END ADVISORS LLC
610 FIFTH AVENUE SUITE 506	NEW YORK	NY	10020	INVESTMENT ADVISOR	$2,785,048
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO
9500 GILMAN DRIVE	LA JOLLA	CA	92093	TRNG PROGRAM/SUBCONT	$1,636,683
RUDOLPH & SLETTEN INC
7584 METROPOLITAN DR STE 100	SAN DIEGO	CA	92108	CONSTRUCTION SERVICE	$1,465,015
AO REED & CO
4777 RUFFIN STREET	SAN DIEGO	CA	92111	CONSTRUCTION SERVICE	$852,627
SHOW IMAGING INC
1125 JOSHUA WAY	VISTA	CA	92081	ENTERTAINMENT SERVICE	$459,528

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Cntrct Rcvd Greater Than100 K	14	CntrctRcvdGreaterThan100KCnt
Fundraising	$855,115	FundraisingAmt
Government Grants	$85,975,012	GovernmentGrantsAmt
All Other Contributions	$68,860,890	AllOtherContributionsAmt
Noncash Contributions	$9,074,953	NoncashContributionsAmt
Total Contributions	$155,691,017	TotalContributionsAmt

Program Service Revenue ProgramServiceRevenueGrp (5 entries)

Total Revenue ColumnTotalRevenueColumnAmt	Related Or Exempt Func IncomeRelatedOrExemptFuncIncomeAmt	Unrelated Business RevenueUnrelatedBusinessRevenueAmt	ExclusionExclusionAmt
$0	$0	$0	$0
$0	$0	$0	$0
$0	$0	$0	$0
$0	$0	$0	$0
$0	$0	$0	$0

Total Oth Program Service Rev TotalOthProgramServiceRevGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total Revenue Column	$0	TotalRevenueColumnAmt
Related Or Exempt Func Income	$0	RelatedOrExemptFuncIncomeAmt
Unrelated Business Revenue	$0	UnrelatedBusinessRevenueAmt
Exclusion	$0	ExclusionAmt

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total Program Service Revenue	$0	TotalProgramServiceRevenueAmt

Investment Income InvestmentIncomeGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total Revenue Column	$13,371,857	TotalRevenueColumnAmt
Related Or Exempt Func Income	$0	RelatedOrExemptFuncIncomeAmt
Unrelated Business Revenue	$574,651	UnrelatedBusinessRevenueAmt
Exclusion	$12,797,206	ExclusionAmt

Incm From Invest Bond Proceeds IncmFromInvestBondProceedsGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total Revenue Column	$0	TotalRevenueColumnAmt
Related Or Exempt Func Income	$0	RelatedOrExemptFuncIncomeAmt
Unrelated Business Revenue	$0	UnrelatedBusinessRevenueAmt
Exclusion	$0	ExclusionAmt

Royalties Revenue RoyaltiesRevenueGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total Revenue Column	$1,475,392	TotalRevenueColumnAmt
Related Or Exempt Func Income	$0	RelatedOrExemptFuncIncomeAmt
Unrelated Business Revenue	$0	UnrelatedBusinessRevenueAmt
Exclusion	$1,475,392	ExclusionAmt

Gross Rents GrossRentsGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Real	$0	RealAmt
Personal	$0	PersonalAmt

Less Rental Expenses LessRentalExpensesGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Real	$0	RealAmt
Personal	$0	PersonalAmt

Rental Income Or Loss RentalIncomeOrLossGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Real	$0	RealAmt
Personal	$0	PersonalAmt

Net Rental Income Or Loss NetRentalIncomeOrLossGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total Revenue Column	$0	TotalRevenueColumnAmt
Related Or Exempt Func Income	$0	RelatedOrExemptFuncIncomeAmt
Unrelated Business Revenue	$0	UnrelatedBusinessRevenueAmt
Exclusion	$0	ExclusionAmt

Gross Amount Sales Assets GrossAmountSalesAssetsGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Securities	$169,606,462	SecuritiesAmt
Other	$0	OtherAmt

Less Cost Oth Basis Sales Expnss LessCostOthBasisSalesExpnssGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Securities	$157,896,106	SecuritiesAmt
Other	$0	OtherAmt

Gain Or Loss GainOrLossGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Securities	$11,710,356	SecuritiesAmt
Other	$0	OtherAmt

Net Gain Or Loss Investments NetGainOrLossInvestmentsGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total Revenue Column	$11,710,356	TotalRevenueColumnAmt
Related Or Exempt Func Income	$0	RelatedOrExemptFuncIncomeAmt
Unrelated Business Revenue	$0	UnrelatedBusinessRevenueAmt
Exclusion	$11,710,356	ExclusionAmt

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Fundraising Gross Income	$151,800	FundraisingGrossIncomeAmt
Contri Rpt Fundraising Event	$855,115	ContriRptFundraisingEventAmt
Fundraising Direct Expenses	$1,071,132	FundraisingDirectExpensesAmt

Net Incm From Fundraising Evt NetIncmFromFundraisingEvtGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total Revenue Column	-$919,332	TotalRevenueColumnAmt
Unrelated Business Revenue	$0	UnrelatedBusinessRevenueAmt
Exclusion	-$919,332	ExclusionAmt

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Gaming Gross Income	$0	GamingGrossIncomeAmt
Gaming Direct Expenses	$0	GamingDirectExpensesAmt

Net Income From Gaming NetIncomeFromGamingGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total Revenue Column	$0	TotalRevenueColumnAmt
Related Or Exempt Func Income	$0	RelatedOrExemptFuncIncomeAmt
Unrelated Business Revenue	$0	UnrelatedBusinessRevenueAmt
Exclusion	$0	ExclusionAmt

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Gross Sales Of Inventory	$0	GrossSalesOfInventoryAmt
Cost Of Goods Sold	$0	CostOfGoodsSoldAmt

Net Income Or Loss NetIncomeOrLossGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total Revenue Column	$0	TotalRevenueColumnAmt
Related Or Exempt Func Income	$0	RelatedOrExemptFuncIncomeAmt
Unrelated Business Revenue	$0	UnrelatedBusinessRevenueAmt
Exclusion	$0	ExclusionAmt

Other Revenue Misc OtherRevenueMiscGrp (3 entries)

DescDesc	BusinessBusinessCd	Total Revenue ColumnTotalRevenueColumnAmt	Related Or Exempt Func IncomeRelatedOrExemptFuncIncomeAmt	Unrelated Business RevenueUnrelatedBusinessRevenueAmt	ExclusionExclusionAmt
ROYALTIES	900099	$1,213	$0	$0	$1,213
A/R RECHARGE ALLOWANCE	900099	$60,282	$0	$0	$60,282
REVENUE SHARE-HOST VEHICLE CHARGING STAT	900099	$2,388	$0	$0	$2,388

Miscellaneous Revenue MiscellaneousRevenueGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total Revenue Column	$269	TotalRevenueColumnAmt
Related Or Exempt Func Income	$0	RelatedOrExemptFuncIncomeAmt
Unrelated Business Revenue	$0	UnrelatedBusinessRevenueAmt
Exclusion	$269	ExclusionAmt

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Other Revenue Total	$64,152	OtherRevenueTotalAmt

Total Revenue TotalRevenueGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total Revenue Column	$181,393,442	TotalRevenueColumnAmt
Related Or Exempt Func Income	$0	RelatedOrExemptFuncIncomeAmt
Unrelated Business Revenue	$574,651	UnrelatedBusinessRevenueAmt
Exclusion	$25,127,774	ExclusionAmt

Grants To Domestic Orgs GrantsToDomesticOrgsGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$0	TotalAmt
Program Services	$0	ProgramServicesAmt

Grants To Domestic Individuals GrantsToDomesticIndividualsGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$0	TotalAmt
Program Services	$0	ProgramServicesAmt

Foreign Grants ForeignGrantsGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$0	TotalAmt
Program Services	$0	ProgramServicesAmt

Benefits To Members BenefitsToMembersGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$0	TotalAmt
Program Services	$0	ProgramServicesAmt

Comp Current Ofcr Directors CompCurrentOfcrDirectorsGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$3,889,796	TotalAmt
Program Services	$1,921,185	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$1,863,855	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$104,756	FundraisingAmt

Comp Disqual Persons CompDisqualPersonsGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$0	TotalAmt
Program Services	$0	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$0	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$0	FundraisingAmt

Other Salaries And Wages OtherSalariesAndWagesGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$66,776,487	TotalAmt
Program Services	$56,647,750	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$7,180,418	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$2,948,319	FundraisingAmt

Pension Plan Contributions PensionPlanContributionsGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$4,918,107	TotalAmt
Program Services	$4,060,708	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$635,438	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$221,961	FundraisingAmt

Other Employee Benefits OtherEmployeeBenefitsGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$9,890,979	TotalAmt
Program Services	$8,168,236	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$1,278,203	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$444,540	FundraisingAmt

Payroll Taxes PayrollTaxesGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$4,923,331	TotalAmt
Program Services	$4,065,021	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$636,113	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$222,197	FundraisingAmt

Fees For Services Management FeesForServicesManagementGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$208,798	TotalAmt
Program Services	$45,000	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$163,798	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$0	FundraisingAmt

Fees For Services Legal FeesForServicesLegalGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$897,862	TotalAmt
Program Services	$523,408	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$374,454	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$0	FundraisingAmt

Fees For Services Accounting FeesForServicesAccountingGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$313,113	TotalAmt
Program Services	$0	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$313,113	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$0	FundraisingAmt

Fees For Services Lobbying FeesForServicesLobbyingGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$3,115	TotalAmt
Program Services	$0	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$3,115	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$0	FundraisingAmt

Fees For Services Prof Fundraising FeesForServicesProfFundraising

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$0	TotalAmt
Fundraising	$0	FundraisingAmt

Fees For Srvc Invst Mgmnt Fees FeesForSrvcInvstMgmntFeesGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$2,903,795	TotalAmt
Program Services	$0	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$2,903,795	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$0	FundraisingAmt

Fees For Services Other FeesForServicesOtherGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$14,213,688	TotalAmt
Program Services	$13,217,484	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$989,314	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$6,890	FundraisingAmt

Advertising AdvertisingGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$23,285	TotalAmt
Program Services	$7,917	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$7,684	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$7,684	FundraisingAmt

Office Expenses OfficeExpensesGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$724,923	TotalAmt
Program Services	$184,204	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$374,068	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$166,651	FundraisingAmt

Information Technology InformationTechnologyGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$3,926,201	TotalAmt
Program Services	$2,752,903	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$912,956	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$260,342	FundraisingAmt

Royalties RoyaltiesGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$0	TotalAmt
Program Services	$0	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$0	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$0	FundraisingAmt

Occupancy OccupancyGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$12,007,536	TotalAmt
Program Services	$9,191,360	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$2,396,410	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$419,766	FundraisingAmt

Travel TravelGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$1,045,729	TotalAmt
Program Services	$852,178	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$67,632	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$125,919	FundraisingAmt

Pymt Travel Entrtnmnt Pub Ofcl PymtTravelEntrtnmntPubOfclGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$0	TotalAmt
Program Services	$0	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$0	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$0	FundraisingAmt

Conferences Meetings ConferencesMeetingsGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$1,513,687	TotalAmt
Program Services	$1,136,847	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$240,670	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$136,170	FundraisingAmt

Interest InterestGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$563,281	TotalAmt
Program Services	$0	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$563,281	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$0	FundraisingAmt

Payments To Affiliates PaymentsToAffiliatesGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$0	TotalAmt
Program Services	$0	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$0	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$0	FundraisingAmt

Depreciation Depletion DepreciationDepletionGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$12,402,044	TotalAmt
Program Services	$11,301,608	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$990,571	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$109,865	FundraisingAmt

Insurance InsuranceGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$403,053	TotalAmt
Program Services	$0	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$403,053	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$0	FundraisingAmt

Other Expenses OtherExpensesGrp (4 entries)

DescDesc	TotalTotalAmt	Program ServicesProgramServicesAmt	Management And GeneralManagementAndGeneralAmt	FundraisingFundraisingAmt
SCIENTIFIC SUBCONTRACTS	$18,462,230	$18,462,230	$0	$0
RESEARCH SUPPLIES	$15,654,014	$15,654,014	$0	$0
OTHER EXPENSES	$796,259	$126,249	$158,283	$511,727
REPAIRS & PARTS	$406,683	$268,222	$137,831	$630

All Other Expenses AllOtherExpensesGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$22,803	TotalAmt
Program Services	$0	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$22,803	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$0	FundraisingAmt

Total Functional Expenses TotalFunctionalExpensesGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$176,890,799	TotalAmt
Program Services	$148,586,524	ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General	$22,616,858	ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising	$5,687,417	FundraisingAmt

Cash Non Interest Bearing CashNonInterestBearingGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$9,611,719	BOYAmt
EOY	$15,383,806	EOYAmt

Savings And Temp Cash Invst SavingsAndTempCashInvstGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$34,743,132	BOYAmt
EOY	$21,683,222	EOYAmt

Pledges And Grants Receivable PledgesAndGrantsReceivableGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$38,515,677	BOYAmt
EOY	$31,339,271	EOYAmt

Accounts Receivable AccountsReceivableGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$1,427,815	BOYAmt
EOY	$1,609,519	EOYAmt

Receivables From Officers Etc ReceivablesFromOfficersEtcGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$304,304	BOYAmt
EOY	$402,159	EOYAmt

Rcvbl From Disqualified Prsn RcvblFromDisqualifiedPrsnGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$0	BOYAmt
EOY	$0	EOYAmt

Oth Notes Loans Receivable Net OthNotesLoansReceivableNetGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$2,445,253	BOYAmt
EOY	$2,557,382	EOYAmt

Inventories For Sale Or Use InventoriesForSaleOrUseGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$13,522	BOYAmt
EOY	$12,143	EOYAmt

Prepaid Expenses Defrd Charges PrepaidExpensesDefrdChargesGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$932,459	BOYAmt
EOY	$937,666	EOYAmt

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Land Bldg Equip Cost Or Other Bss	$293,704,798	LandBldgEquipCostOrOtherBssAmt
Land Bldg Equip Accum Deprec	$221,356,653	LandBldgEquipAccumDeprecAmt

Land Bldg Equip Basis Net LandBldgEquipBasisNetGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$76,522,116	BOYAmt
EOY	$72,348,145	EOYAmt

Investments Pub Traded Sec InvestmentsPubTradedSecGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$128,474,605	BOYAmt
EOY	$133,877,089	EOYAmt

Investments Other Securities InvestmentsOtherSecuritiesGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$515,504,339	BOYAmt
EOY	$541,289,923	EOYAmt

Investments Program Related InvestmentsProgramRelatedGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$0	BOYAmt

Other Assets Total OtherAssetsTotalGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$14,283,070	BOYAmt
EOY	$14,708,181	EOYAmt

Total Assets TotalAssetsGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$822,778,011	BOYAmt
EOY	$836,148,506	EOYAmt

Accounts Payable Accr Expnss AccountsPayableAccrExpnssGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$47,596,671	BOYAmt
EOY	$37,928,300	EOYAmt

Grants Payable GrantsPayableGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$0	BOYAmt
EOY	$0	EOYAmt

Deferred Revenue DeferredRevenueGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$24,485,921	BOYAmt
EOY	$13,954,530	EOYAmt

Tax Exempt Bond Liabilities TaxExemptBondLiabilitiesGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$0	BOYAmt
EOY	$0	EOYAmt

Escrow Account Liability EscrowAccountLiabilityGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$0	BOYAmt
EOY	$0	EOYAmt

Loans From Officers Directors LoansFromOfficersDirectorsGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$0	BOYAmt
EOY	$0	EOYAmt

Mortg Notes Pybl Scrd Invst Prop MortgNotesPyblScrdInvstPropGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$92,138,737	BOYAmt
EOY	$89,961,764	EOYAmt

Unsecured Notes Loans Payable UnsecuredNotesLoansPayableGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$0	BOYAmt
EOY	$0	EOYAmt

Other Liabilities OtherLiabilitiesGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$9,149,952	BOYAmt
EOY	$7,327,719	EOYAmt

Total Liabilities TotalLiabilitiesGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$173,371,281	BOYAmt
EOY	$149,172,313	EOYAmt

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Organization Follows FASB117	Yes (X)	OrganizationFollowsFASB117Ind

No Donor Restriction Net Assets NoDonorRestrictionNetAssetsGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$119,439,210	BOYAmt
EOY	$140,592,218	EOYAmt

Donor Restriction Net Assets DonorRestrictionNetAssetsGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$529,967,520	BOYAmt
EOY	$546,383,975	EOYAmt

Cap Stk Tr Prin Current Funds CapStkTrPrinCurrentFundsGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$0	BOYAmt
EOY	$0	EOYAmt

Pd In Cap Srpls Land Bldg Eqp Fund PdInCapSrplsLandBldgEqpFundGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$0	BOYAmt
EOY	$0	EOYAmt

Rtn Earn Endowment Incm Oth Fnds RtnEarnEndowmentIncmOthFndsGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$0	BOYAmt
EOY	$0	EOYAmt

Total Net Assets Fund Balance TotalNetAssetsFundBalanceGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$649,406,730	BOYAmt
EOY	$686,976,193	EOYAmt

Tot Liab Net Assets Fund Balance TotLiabNetAssetsFundBalanceGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
BOY	$822,778,011	BOYAmt
EOY	$836,148,506	EOYAmt

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Info In Schedule O Part XI	Yes (X)	InfoInScheduleOPartXIInd
Reconcilation Revenue Expnss	$4,502,643	ReconcilationRevenueExpnssAmt
Net Unrlzd Gains Losses Invst	$32,481,538	NetUnrlzdGainsLossesInvstAmt
Donated Services And Use Fclts	$0	DonatedServicesAndUseFcltsAmt
Investment Expense	$0	InvestmentExpenseAmt
Prior Period Adjustments	$0	PriorPeriodAdjustmentsAmt
Other Changes In Net Assets	$585,282	OtherChangesInNetAssetsAmt
Method Of Accounting Accrual	Yes (X)	MethodOfAccountingAccrualInd
Accountant Compile Or Review	false	AccountantCompileOrReviewInd
FS Audited	Yes (true)	FSAuditedInd
Audit Committee	Yes (true)	AuditCommitteeInd
Federal Grant Audit Required	Yes (true)	FederalGrantAuditRequiredInd
Federal Grant Audit Performed	Yes (true)	FederalGrantAuditPerformedInd

Schedule A IRS990ScheduleA

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Public Organization170	Yes (X)	PublicOrganization170Ind

Gifts Grants Contri Rcvd170 GiftsGrantsContriRcvd170Grp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Current Tax Year Minus4 Years	$176,855,692	CurrentTaxYearMinus4YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus3 Years	$138,798,417	CurrentTaxYearMinus3YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus2 Years	$150,881,176	CurrentTaxYearMinus2YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus1 Year	$139,394,431	CurrentTaxYearMinus1YearAmt
Current Tax Year	$155,691,017	CurrentTaxYearAmt
Total	$761,620,733	TotalAmt

Tax Rev Levied Orgnztnl Bnft170 TaxRevLeviedOrgnztnlBnft170Grp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$0	TotalAmt

Govt Furn Srvc Fclts Vl170 GovtFurnSrvcFcltsVl170Grp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total	$0	TotalAmt

Total Calendar Year170 TotalCalendarYear170Grp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Current Tax Year Minus4 Years	$176,855,692	CurrentTaxYearMinus4YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus3 Years	$138,798,417	CurrentTaxYearMinus3YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus2 Years	$150,881,176	CurrentTaxYearMinus2YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus1 Year	$139,394,431	CurrentTaxYearMinus1YearAmt
Current Tax Year	$155,691,017	CurrentTaxYearAmt
Total	$761,620,733	TotalAmt

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Substantial Contributors Tot	$0	SubstantialContributorsTotAmt
Public Support Total170	$761,620,733	PublicSupportTotal170Amt

Gross Investment Income170 GrossInvestmentIncome170Grp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Current Tax Year Minus4 Years	$6,807,160	CurrentTaxYearMinus4YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus3 Years	$9,621,065	CurrentTaxYearMinus3YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus2 Years	$6,721,516	CurrentTaxYearMinus2YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus1 Year	$10,050,004	CurrentTaxYearMinus1YearAmt
Current Tax Year	$14,786,344	CurrentTaxYearAmt
Total	$47,986,089	TotalAmt

Unrelated Business Net Incm170 UnrelatedBusinessNetIncm170Grp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Current Tax Year	$60,905	CurrentTaxYearAmt
Total	$60,905	TotalAmt

Other Income170 OtherIncome170Grp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Current Tax Year Minus4 Years	$1,945	CurrentTaxYearMinus4YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus3 Years	$4,857	CurrentTaxYearMinus3YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus2 Years	$2,864	CurrentTaxYearMinus2YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus1 Year	$31,986	CurrentTaxYearMinus1YearAmt
Current Tax Year	$64,152	CurrentTaxYearAmt
Total	$105,804	TotalAmt

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total Support	$809,773,531	TotalSupportAmt
Gross Receipts Rltd Activities	$0	GrossReceiptsRltdActivitiesAmt
Public Support CY170	0.94054	PublicSupportCY170Pct
Public Support PY170	0.93727	PublicSupportPY170Pct
Thirty Thr Pct Suprt Tests CY170	Yes (X)	ThirtyThrPctSuprtTestsCY170Ind

Form990 Schedule A Part VI Form990ScheduleAPartVIGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Form And Line Reference	Schedule A, Part II, Line 10 Other Income	FormAndLineReferenceDesc
Explanation	DESCRIPTION - ROYALTIES, COLUMN A - 993.0, COLUMN B - 2851.0, COLUMN C - 1781.0, COLUMN D - 1183.0, COLUMN E - 1213.0, COLUMN F - 8021.0; DESCRIPTION - REVENUE SHARING-HOST VEHICLE CHARGING STATION, COLUMN A - 952.0, COLUMN B - 2006.0, COLUMN C - 1083.0, COLUMN D - 1997.0, COLUMN E - 2388.0, COLUMN F - 8426.0; DESCRIPTION - AR RECHARGE ALLOWANCE, COLUMN A - 0.0, COLUMN B - 0.0, COLUMN C - 0.0, COLUMN D - 28806.0, COLUMN E - 60282.0, COLUMN F - 89088.0; DESCRIPTION - OTHER, COLUMN A - 0.0, COLUMN B - 0.0, COLUMN C - 0.0, COLUMN D - 0.0, COLUMN E - 269.0, COLUMN F - 269.0;	ExplanationTxt

Schedule B IRS990ScheduleB

Contributor Information ContributorInformationGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Contributor	RESTRICTED	ContributorNum

Contributor Business Name ContributorBusinessName

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Business Name Line1	RESTRICTED	BusinessNameLine1

Contributor US Address ContributorUSAddress

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Address Line1	RESTRICTED	AddressLine1
Address Line2	RESTRICTED	AddressLine2
City	RESTRICTED	City
State	RESTRICTED	State
ZIP Code	RESTRICTED	ZIPCode

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total Contributions	RESTRICTED	TotalContributionsAmt

Schedule C IRS990ScheduleC

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Volunteers	false	VolunteersInd
Paid Staff Or Management	false	PaidStaffOrManagementInd
Media Advertisements	false	MediaAdvertisementsInd
Mailings Members	false	MailingsMembersInd
Publications Or Broadcast	false	PublicationsOrBroadcastInd
Grants Other Organizations	false	GrantsOtherOrganizationsInd
Direct Contact Legislators	false	DirectContactLegislatorsInd
Rallies Demonstrations	false	RalliesDemonstrationsInd
Other Activities	Yes (true)	OtherActivitiesInd
Other Activities	$3,115	OtherActivitiesAmt
Total Lobbying Expenditures	$3,115	TotalLobbyingExpendituresAmt
Not Described Section501c3	false	NotDescribedSection501c3Ind

Supplemental Information Detail SupplementalInformationDetail

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Form And Line Reference	Schedule C, Part II-B, Line 1 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE LOBBYING ACTIVITY	FormAndLineReferenceDesc
Explanation	PAID MEMBERSHIP DUES TO RESEARCH AND BIOMEDICAL ORGANIZATIONS, A PORTION OF WHICH ARE CONSIDERED LOBBYING. ASSOCIATION OF INDEPENDENT RESEARCH INSTITUTES - $1,500, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH - $1,200, BIOCOM - $415.	ExplanationTxt

Schedule D IRS990ScheduleD

CY Endwmt Fund CYEndwmtFundGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Beginning Year Balance	$370,818,860	BeginningYearBalanceAmt
Contributions	$10,896,195	ContributionsAmt
Investment Earnings Or Losses	$32,672,721	InvestmentEarningsOrLossesAmt
Other Expenditures	$17,515,183	OtherExpendituresAmt
End Year Balance	$396,872,593	EndYearBalanceAmt

CY Minus1 Yr Endwmt Fund CYMinus1YrEndwmtFundGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Beginning Year Balance	$351,101,623	BeginningYearBalanceAmt
Contributions	$4,828,947	ContributionsAmt
Investment Earnings Or Losses	$31,788,749	InvestmentEarningsOrLossesAmt
Other Expenditures	$16,900,459	OtherExpendituresAmt
End Year Balance	$370,818,860	EndYearBalanceAmt

CY Minus2 Yr Endwmt Fund CYMinus2YrEndwmtFundGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Beginning Year Balance	$345,211,760	BeginningYearBalanceAmt
Contributions	$4,585,120	ContributionsAmt
Investment Earnings Or Losses	$17,999,745	InvestmentEarningsOrLossesAmt
Other Expenditures	$16,695,002	OtherExpendituresAmt
End Year Balance	$351,101,623	EndYearBalanceAmt

CY Minus3 Yr Endwmt Fund CYMinus3YrEndwmtFundGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Beginning Year Balance	$375,050,161	BeginningYearBalanceAmt
Contributions	$1,603,261	ContributionsAmt
Investment Earnings Or Losses	-$15,394,543	InvestmentEarningsOrLossesAmt
Other Expenditures	$16,047,119	OtherExpendituresAmt
End Year Balance	$345,211,760	EndYearBalanceAmt

CY Minus4 Yr Endwmt Fund CYMinus4YrEndwmtFundGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Beginning Year Balance	$299,166,085	BeginningYearBalanceAmt
Contributions	$14,926,831	ContributionsAmt
Investment Earnings Or Losses	$74,973,285	InvestmentEarningsOrLossesAmt
Other Expenditures	$14,016,040	OtherExpendituresAmt
End Year Balance	$375,050,161	EndYearBalanceAmt

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Board Designated Balance EOY	0.0563	BoardDesignatedBalanceEOYPct
Prmnnt Endowment Balance EOY	0.6588	PrmnntEndowmentBalanceEOYPct
Term Endowment Balance EOY	0.2849	TermEndowmentBalanceEOYPct
Endowments Held Unrelated Org	false	EndowmentsHeldUnrelatedOrgInd
Endowments Held Related Org	false	EndowmentsHeldRelatedOrgInd

Land LandGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Investment Cost Or Other Basis	$0	InvestmentCostOrOtherBasisAmt
Other Cost Or Other Basis	$1,153,930	OtherCostOrOtherBasisAmt
Book Value	$1,153,930	BookValueAmt

Buildings BuildingsGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Investment Cost Or Other Basis	$0	InvestmentCostOrOtherBasisAmt
Other Cost Or Other Basis	$64,209,980	OtherCostOrOtherBasisAmt
Depreciation	$57,692,743	DepreciationAmt
Book Value	$6,517,237	BookValueAmt

Leasehold Improvements LeaseholdImprovementsGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Investment Cost Or Other Basis	$0	InvestmentCostOrOtherBasisAmt
Other Cost Or Other Basis	$104,438,065	OtherCostOrOtherBasisAmt
Depreciation	$73,916,162	DepreciationAmt
Book Value	$30,521,903	BookValueAmt

Equipment EquipmentGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Investment Cost Or Other Basis	$0	InvestmentCostOrOtherBasisAmt
Other Cost Or Other Basis	$122,970,877	OtherCostOrOtherBasisAmt
Depreciation	$88,818,653	DepreciationAmt
Book Value	$34,152,224	BookValueAmt

Other Land Buildings OtherLandBuildingsGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Investment Cost Or Other Basis	$0	InvestmentCostOrOtherBasisAmt
Other Cost Or Other Basis	$931,946	OtherCostOrOtherBasisAmt
Depreciation	$929,095	DepreciationAmt
Book Value	$2,851	BookValueAmt

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total Book Value Land Buildings	$72,348,145	TotalBookValueLandBuildingsAmt

Other Securities OtherSecuritiesGrp (5 entries)

DescDesc	Book ValueBookValueAmt	Method ValuationMethodValuationCd
Closely-held equity interests
Financial derivatives
ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENTS	$512,331,461	F
STOCKS NOT-PUBLICLY TRADED <5%	$3,011	C
LIMITED PARTNERSHIP INTEREST	$28,955,451	F

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total Book Value Securities	$541,289,923	TotalBookValueSecuritiesAmt
Federal Income Tax Liability	$4,585	FederalIncomeTaxLiabilityAmt

Other Liabilities Org OtherLiabilitiesOrgGrp (3 entries)

DescDesc	AmtAmt
Federal Income Taxes	$4,585
DEFERRED RETIREE MEDICAL OBLIG	$3,642,212
LEASE LIABILITY	$3,680,922

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total Liability	$7,327,719	TotalLiabilityAmt
Footnote Text	Yes (X)	FootnoteTextInd
Total Rev Etc Audited Fincl Stmt	$184,853,953	TotalRevEtcAuditedFinclStmtAmt
Net Unrealized Gains Invst	$32,481,538	NetUnrealizedGainsInvstAmt
Other Revenue	$1,257,834	OtherRevenueAmt
Revenue Not Reported	$33,739,372	RevenueNotReportedAmt
Revenue Subtotal	$151,114,581	RevenueSubtotalAmt
Investment Expenses Not Incld	$2,786,589	InvestmentExpensesNotIncldAmt
Other Revenues Not Included	$27,492,272	OtherRevenuesNotIncludedAmt
Revenue Not Reported Fincl Stmt	$30,278,861	RevenueNotReportedFinclStmtAmt
Total Revenue Per Form990	$181,393,442	TotalRevenuePerForm990Amt
Tot Expns Etc Audited Fincl Stmt	$175,175,342	TotExpnsEtcAuditedFinclStmtAmt
Other Expenses Included	$1,071,132	OtherExpensesIncludedAmt
Expenses Not Reported	$1,071,132	ExpensesNotReportedAmt
Expenses Subtotal	$174,104,210	ExpensesSubtotalAmt
Investment Expenses Not Incld2	$2,786,589	InvestmentExpensesNotIncld2Amt
Other Expenses Not Included	$0	OtherExpensesNotIncludedAmt
Expenses Not Rpt Fincl Stmt	$2,786,589	ExpensesNotRptFinclStmtAmt
Total Expenses Per Form990	$176,890,799	TotalExpensesPerForm990Amt

Supplemental Information Detail SupplementalInformationDetail (8 entries)

Form And Line ReferenceFormAndLineReferenceDesc	ExplanationExplanationTxt
Schedule D, Part XI, Line 2(d)	FUNDRAISING EVENTS EXPENSES $1,071,132 AND CHANGE IN VALUE OF DEFERRED GIFTS $186,702
Schedule D, Part XI, Line 4(b)	INVESTMENT RETURN IN EXCESS OF AMOUNT DESIGNATED FOR CURRENT OPERATIONS UNDER SPENDING POLICY $27,492,226 AND ROUNDING $46
Schedule D, Part XII, Line 2(d)	FUNDRAISING EVENTS EXPENSE $1,071,132
Schedule D, Part V, Line 4 Intended uses of endowment funds	ENDOWMENT INCOME INTENDED TO BE USED FOR AND TO SUPPORT RESEARCH, OPERATIONS, AND LECTURESHIP EXPENSES.
Schedule D, Part X, Line 2 FIN 48 (ASC 740) footnote	INCOME TAXES - THE INSTITUTE HAS NO UNRECOGNIZED TAX BENEFITS AS OF JUNE 30, 2025 AND 2024.
Schedule D, Part XI, Line 2(d) Other revenues in audited financial statements not in form 990	FUNDRAISING EXPENSES - 1071132 CHANGE IN VALUE OF DEFERRED GIFTS - 186702
Schedule D, Part XI, Line 4(b) Other revenues in form 990 not in audited financial statements	INVESTMENT INCOME IN EXCESS OF AMOUNT DESIGNATED FOR CURRENT OPERATIONS - 27492226 ROUNDING - 46
Schedule D, Part XII, Line 2(d) Other expenses in audited financial statements not in form 990	FUNDRAISING EXPENSES - 1071132

Schedule F IRS990ScheduleF

Account Activities Outside US AccountActivitiesOutsideUSGrp (11 entries)

RegionRegionTxt	Type Of Activities ConductedTypeOfActivitiesConductedTxt	Specific Services ProvidedSpecificServicesProvidedTxt	Region Total ExpendituresRegionTotalExpendituresAmt
Europe (Including Iceland and Greenland)	Program Services	SCIENTISTS TRAVEL TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO ATTEND CONFERENCES. WE DO NOT DEEM THESE ACTIVITIES TO CONSTITUTE WORKING IN THE REGION.	$242,291
North America (Canada & Mexico only)	Program Services	SCIENTISTS TRAVEL TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO ATTEND CONFERENCES. WE DO NOT DEEM THESE ACTIVITIES TO CONSTITUTE WORKING IN THE REGION.	$60,272
South Asia	Program Services	SCIENTISTS TRAVEL TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO ATTEND CONFERENCES. WE DO NOT DEEM THESE ACTIVITIES TO CONSTITUTE WORKING IN THE REGION.	$3,098
East Asia and the Pacific	Program Services	SCIENTISTS TRAVEL TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO ATTEND CONFERENCES. WE DO NOT DEEM THESE ACTIVITIES TO CONSTITUTE WORKING IN THE REGION.	$47,254
Middle East and North Africa	Program Services	SCIENTISTS TRAVEL TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO ATTEND CONFERENCES. WE DO NOT DEEM THESE ACTIVITIES TO CONSTITUTE WORKING IN THE REGION.	$2,038
South America	Program Services	SCIENTISTS TRAVEL TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO ATTEND CONFERENCES. WE DO NOT DEEM THESE ACTIVITIES TO CONSTITUTE WORKING IN THE REGION.	$2,411
Central America and the Caribbean	Investments		$221,237,118
Europe (Including Iceland and Greenland)	Investments		$42,525,983
North America (Canada & Mexico only)	Investments		$1,148,177
Central America and the Caribbean	Program Services	SCIENTISTS TRAVEL TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO ATTEND CONFERENCES. WE DO NOT DEEM THESE ACTIVITIES TO CONSTITUTE WORKING IN THE REGION.	$15,358
Sub-Saharan Africa	Program Services	SCIENTISTS TRAVEL TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO ATTEND CONFERENCES. WE DO NOT DEEM THESE ACTIVITIES TO CONSTITUTE WORKING IN THE REGION.	$6,734

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Subtotal Offices	0	SubtotalOfficesCnt
Subtotal Employees	0	SubtotalEmployeesCnt
Continuation Total Office	0	ContinuationTotalOfficeCnt
Continuation Total Employee	0	ContinuationTotalEmployeeCnt
Total Office	0	TotalOfficeCnt
Total Employee	0	TotalEmployeeCnt
Subtotal Spent	$265,290,734	SubtotalSpentAmt
Continuation Spent	$0	ContinuationSpentAmt
Total Spent	$265,290,734	TotalSpentAmt
Transfer To Foreign Corp	Yes (true)	TransferToForeignCorpInd
Interest In Foreign Trust	false	InterestInForeignTrustInd
Foreign Corp Ownership	Yes (true)	ForeignCorpOwnershipInd
Passive Foreign Investmest Co	Yes (true)	PassiveForeignInvestmestCoInd
Foreign Partnership	Yes (true)	ForeignPartnershipInd
Boycott Countries	false	BoycottCountriesInd

Supplemental Information Detail SupplementalInformationDetail

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Form And Line Reference	Schedule F, Part I, Line 3 Method used to account for expenditures on org's financial statements	FormAndLineReferenceDesc
Explanation	CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN-Accrual; EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-Accrual; EUROPE (INCLUDING ICELAND AND GREENLAND)-Accrual; MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA-Accrual; NORTH AMERICA (CANADA & MEXICO ONLY)-Accrual; SOUTH AMERICA-Accrual; SOUTH ASIA-Accrual; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA-Accrual	ExplanationTxt

Schedule G IRS990ScheduleG

Fundraising Event Information FundraisingEventInformationGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Event1	CONCERT	Event1Nm
Gross Receipts Event1	$1,006,915	GrossReceiptsEvent1Amt
Charitable Contri Event1	$855,115	CharitableContriEvent1Amt
Gross Revenue Event1	$151,800	GrossRevenueEvent1Amt
Food And Beverage Event1	$95,855	FoodAndBeverageEvent1Amt
Entertainment Event1	$326,760	EntertainmentEvent1Amt
Other Direct Expenses Event1	$648,517	OtherDirectExpensesEvent1Amt
Gross Revenue Event2	$0	GrossRevenueEvent2Amt
Gross Revenue Other Events	$0	GrossRevenueOtherEventsAmt
Gross Receipts Total	$1,006,915	GrossReceiptsTotalAmt
Charitable Contributions Tot	$855,115	CharitableContributionsTotAmt
Gross Revenue Total Events	$151,800	GrossRevenueTotalEventsAmt
Food And Beverage Total Events	$95,855	FoodAndBeverageTotalEventsAmt
Entertainment Total Events	$326,760	EntertainmentTotalEventsAmt
Oth Direct Expnss Total Events	$648,517	OthDirectExpnssTotalEventsAmt
Direct Expense Summary Events	$1,071,132	DirectExpenseSummaryEventsAmt
Net Income Summary	-$919,332	NetIncomeSummaryAmt

Schedule J IRS990ScheduleJ

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
First Class Or Charter Travel	Yes (X)	FirstClassOrCharterTravelInd
Written Policy Ref T And E Expnss	Yes (true)	WrittenPolicyRefTAndEExpnssInd
Substantiation Required	Yes (true)	SubstantiationRequiredInd
Compensation Committee	Yes (X)	CompensationCommitteeInd
Independent Consultant	Yes (X)	IndependentConsultantInd
Form990 Of Other Organizations	Yes (X)	Form990OfOtherOrganizationsInd
Compensation Survey	Yes (X)	CompensationSurveyInd
Board Or Committee Approval	Yes (X)	BoardOrCommitteeApprovalInd
Severance Payment	false	SeverancePaymentInd
Supplemental Nonqual Rtr Plan	false	SupplementalNonqualRtrPlanInd
Equity Based Comp Arrngm	false	EquityBasedCompArrngmInd
Comp Based On Revenue Of Flng Org	false	CompBasedOnRevenueOfFlngOrgInd
Comp Bsd On Rev Related Orgs	false	CompBsdOnRevRelatedOrgsInd
Comp Bsd Net Earns Flng Org	false	CompBsdNetEarnsFlngOrgInd
Comp Bsd Net Earns Rltd Orgs	false	CompBsdNetEarnsRltdOrgsInd
Any Non Fixed Payments	false	AnyNonFixedPaymentsInd
Initial Contract Exception	false	InitialContractExceptionInd

Rltd Org Officer Trst Key Empl RltdOrgOfficerTrstKeyEmplGrp (13 entries)

TitleTitleTxt	Base Compensation Filing OrgBaseCompensationFilingOrgAmt	Compensation Based On Rltd OrgsCompensationBasedOnRltdOrgsAmt	Bonus Filing OrganizationBonusFilingOrganizationAmount	Bonus Related OrganizationsBonusRelatedOrganizationsAmt	Other Compensation Filing OrgOtherCompensationFilingOrgAmt	Other Compensation Rltd OrgsOtherCompensationRltdOrgsAmt	Deferred Compensation Flng OrgDeferredCompensationFlngOrgAmt	Deferred Comp Rltd OrgsDeferredCompRltdOrgsAmt	Nontaxable Benefits Filing OrgNontaxableBenefitsFilingOrgAmt	Nontaxable Benefits Rltd OrgsNontaxableBenefitsRltdOrgsAmt	Total Compensation Filing OrgTotalCompensationFilingOrgAmt	Total Compensation Rltd OrgsTotalCompensationRltdOrgsAmt	Comp Report Prior990 Filing OrgCompReportPrior990FilingOrgAmt	Comp Report Prior990 Rltd OrgsCompReportPrior990RltdOrgsAmt
GERALD JOYCE MD PHD
PRESIDENT / PROFESSOR	$896,915	$0	$0	$0	$10,668	$0	$42,750	$0	$19,627	$0	$969,960	$0	$0	$0
JANELLE AYRES PHD
TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR	$179,856	$0	$0	$0	$23,642	$0	$22,781	$0	$7,313	$0	$233,592	$0	$0	$0
WOLFGANG BUSCH PHD
TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR	$229,434	$0	$0	$0	$110,571	$0	$39,014	$0	$21,858	$0	$400,877	$0	$0	$0
REUBEN SHAW PHD
TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR (OUTGOING MAR 2025)	$268,932	$0	$0	$0	$142,585	$0	$42,000	$0	$16,573	$0	$470,090	$0	$0	$0
CHRISTIAN METALLO PHD
TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR (INCOMING APR 2025)	$272,356	$0	$0	$0	$38,136	$0	$34,171	$0	$25,781	$0	$370,444	$0	$0	$0
KIM E WITMER
TREASURER/SVP FINANCE & ADMN (OUTGOING OCT 2024)	$425,046	$0	$0	$0	$21,526	$0	$41,400	$0	$8,509	$0	$496,481	$0	$0	$0
JULIA A MILLER JD
SECRETARY/GENERAL COUNSEL	$393,051	$0	$0	$0	$37,624	$0	$42,000	$0	$26,461	$0	$499,136	$0	$0	$0
KIMBERLY CASTILLO
CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER	$342,977	$0	$0	$0	$10,392	$0	$42,000	$0	$19,838	$0	$415,207	$0	$0	$0
EDWARD CALLAWAY PHD
PROFESSOR	$367,527	$0	$0	$0	$15,761	$0	$46,300	$0	$19,627	$0	$449,215	$0	$0	$0
FRED GAGE PHD
PROFESSOR	$435,306	$0	$0	$0	$17,815	$0	$42,000	$0	$21,722	$0	$516,843	$0	$0	$0
SUSAN KAECH PHD
PROFESSOR	$300,774	$0	$0	$0	$55,744	$0	$39,862	$0	$25,927	$0	$422,307	$0	$0	$0
JAN KARLSEDER PHD
PROFESSOR	$443,770	$0	$0	$0	$46,517	$0	$53,398	$0	$10,748	$0	$554,433	$0	$0	$0
JERRY SHEEHAN
CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER	$326,175	$0	$0	$0	$28,132	$0	$38,332	$0	$5,923	$0	$398,562	$0	$0	$0

Supplemental Information Detail SupplementalInformationDetail

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Form And Line Reference	Schedule J, Part I, Line 1a First-class or charter travel	FormAndLineReferenceDesc
Explanation	FIRST-CLASS OR CHARTER TRAVEL: GERALD JOYCE, PH.D., PROFESSOR - $20,441; FRED GAGE, PH.D., PROFESSOR - $14,577; JANELLE AYRES, PH.D., PROFESSOR - $2,444; JAN KARLSEDER, PH.D., PROFESSOR - $883. NOT TAXABLE - ACCOUNTABLE PLAN.	ExplanationTxt

Schedule L IRS990ScheduleL

Loans Btwn Org Interested Prsn LoansBtwnOrgInterestedPrsnGrp (2 entries)

Relationship With OrgRelationshipWithOrgTxt	Loan PurposeLoanPurposeTxt	Loan From OrganizationLoanFromOrganizationInd	Original PrincipalOriginalPrincipalAmt	Balance DueBalanceDueAmt	DefaultDefaultInd	Board Or Committee ApprovalBoardOrCommitteeApprovalInd	Written AgreementWrittenAgreementInd
REUBEN SHAW
PROFESSOR	HOME LOAN	Yes (X)	$700,000	$210,462	false	Yes (true)	Yes (true)
CHRISTIAN METALLO
PROFESSOR	HOME LOAN	Yes (X)	$272,467	$191,697	false	Yes (true)	Yes (true)

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Total Balance Due	$402,159	TotalBalanceDueAmt

Schedule M IRS990ScheduleM

Securities Publicly Traded SecuritiesPubliclyTradedGrp

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Contribution	32	ContributionCnt
Noncash Contributions Rpt F990	$9,074,953	NoncashContributionsRptF990Amt
Method Of Determining Revenues	Market value	MethodOfDeterminingRevenuesTxt

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Form8283 Received	0	Form8283ReceivedCnt
Any Property That Must Be Held	false	AnyPropertyThatMustBeHeldInd
Review Process Unusual NC Gifts	Yes (true)	ReviewProcessUnusualNCGiftsInd
Third Parties Used	false	ThirdPartiesUsedInd

Supplemental Information Detail SupplementalInformationDetail

Field	Value	IRS element (for citing)
Form And Line Reference	Schedule M, Part I Explanations of reporting method for number of contributions	FormAndLineReferenceDesc
Explanation	Securities - Publicly traded - SECURITIES - PUBLICLY TRADED - THE AMOUNT REPORTED REPRESENTS THE NUMBER OF CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVED.	ExplanationTxt

Schedule O IRS990ScheduleO

Supplemental Information Detail SupplementalInformationDetail (15 entries)

Form And Line ReferenceFormAndLineReferenceDesc	ExplanationExplanationTxt
Form 990, Part VI, Line 1a Delegate broad authority to a committee	THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE SHALL ADVISE AND AID THE OFFICERS OF THE CORPORATION IN ALL MATTERS CONCERNING ITS INTERESTS, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ALL MATTERS RELATING TO COMPENSATION AND BENEFITS, AND SHALL POSSESS AND MAY EXERCISE, DURING THE INTERVALS BETWEEN THE MEETINGS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, ALL THE POWERS AND AUTHORITY OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE BUSINESS AND AFFAIRS OF THE CORPORATION, INCLUDING THE POWER TO AUTHORIZE THE CORPORATE SEAL TO BE AFFIXED TO ANY AND ALL DOCUMENTS WHICH MAY REQUIRE THE SAME TO BE AFFIXED THERETO, INSOFAR AS SUCH SEEMS TO THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE FOR THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CORPORATION, IN ALL CASES IN WHICH SPECIFIC DIRECTIONS SHALL NOT HAVE BEEN GIVEN BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, EXCEPT THAT THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE SHALL HAVE NO POWER TO ADOPT, AMEND, OR REPEAL THE BY-LAWS.
Form 990, Part VI, Line 6 Classes of members or stockholders	MEMBERSHIP OF THE CORPORATION CONSISTS OF THE PERSONS ELECTED TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES AND THREE MEMBERS FROM AMONG THE RESIDENT AND NON-RESIDENT FELLOWS AND PROFESSORS CHOSEN AND ELECTED ANNUALLY BY THE RESIDENT AND NON-RESIDENT FELLOWS AND PROFESSORS.
Form 990, Part VI, Line 7a Members or stockholders electing members of governing body	THE MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION ELECT THE TRUSTEES.
Form 990, Part VI, Line 7b Decisions requiring approval by members or stockholders	THE MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION MAY ALTER, AMEND, OR REPEAL THE BY-LAWS BY VOTE.
Form 990, Part VI, Line 11b Review of form 990 by governing body	THE FORM 990 IS PREPARED BY THE INSTITUTE, INTERNALLY REVIEWED BY THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER AND EXTERNALLY REVIEWED BY THE TAX DEPARTMENT OF A PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM. PRIOR TO ELECTRONIC FILING, A COPY OF THIS FORM 990 IS PROVIDED TO AND DISCUSSED IN THE EXECUTIVE SESSION OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES.
Form 990, Part VI, Line 12c Conflict of interest policy	ANNUALLY, THE CONFLICT OF INTEREST DISCLOSURE STATEMENT IS SENT OUT FOR COMPLETION BY THE MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, SENIOR MEMBERS OF ADMINISTRATION AND RESEARCHERS. THE DESIGNATED OFFICIAL FOR EACH GROUP REVIEWS THE COMPLETED FORMS AND BRINGS ANY POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST TO THE RESPECTIVE COMMITTEES FOR REVIEW. UPON DETERMINATION THAT A CONFLICT OF INTEREST EXISTS, THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS MAY BE IMPOSED: A. MONITORING OF ACTIVITIES GENERATING THE CONFLICT BY ANOTHER MEMBER; B. DISQUALIFICATION FROM PARTICIPATION IN THE ACTIVITIES GIVING RISE TO THE CONFLICT; C. MODIFICATION OF RESPONSIBILITIES TO AVOID CONFLICTS; D. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE OR DIVESTITURE OF SIGNIFICANT FINANCIAL INTERESTS; E. MODIFICATION OF THE RESEARCH PLAN OR REMOVAL OF THE AFFECTED RESEARCHER FROM THE RESEARCH; F. SEVERANCE OF RELATIONSHIP THAT CREATES ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL CONFLICTS; G. TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT.
Form 990, Part VI, Line 15a Process to establish compensation of top management official	A COMPREHENSIVE MARKET ASSESSMENT WAS COMPLETED IN APRIL 2024, BASED ON COMPENSATION DATA FROM A SELECTED PEER GROUP FOR SALK PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE LEADERSHIP ROLES. THIS ASSESSMENT WAS PROVIDED TO SALK'S BOARD CHAIR, CO-CHAIR, CHAIR OF THE PEOPLE & CULTURE COMMITTEE, AND TO SALK'S PRESIDENT. SALK'S PRESIDENT AND THE INSTITUTE'S VICE-PRESIDENT PEOPLE & CULTURE DISCUSSED THE PERFORMANCE OF VICE-PRESIDENT-LEVEL EXECUTIVES AT A MEETING ON MARCH 28, 2025; THE VICE-PRESIDENT PEOPLE & CULTURE WAS NOT PRESENT FOR DISCUSSION ABOUT HER PERFORMANCE. AFTER THIS MEETING, A SEPARATE DISCUSSION ABOUT THE COMPENSATION OF THE INSTITUTE PRESIDENT, RECOMMENDED CHANGES WERE PRESENTED TO AND APPROVED BY THE SALK BOARD OF TRUSTEES AT THE EXECUTIVE SESSION OF THE APRIL 4, 2025 BOARD OF TRUSTEES MEETING.
Form 990, Part VI, Line 15b Process to establish compensation of other employees	A COMPREHENSIVE MARKET ASSESSMENT WAS COMPLETED IN APRIL 2024, BASED ON COMPENSATION DATA FROM A SELECTED PEER GROUP FOR SALK PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE LEADERSHIP ROLES. THIS ASSESSMENT WAS PROVIDED TO SALK'S BOARD CHAIR, CO-CHAIR, CHAIR OF THE PEOPLE & CULTURE COMMITTEE, AND TO SALK'S PRESIDENT. SALK'S PRESIDENT AND THE INSTITUTE'S VICE-PRESIDENT PEOPLE & CULTURE DISCUSSED THE PERFORMANCE OF VICE-PRESIDENT-LEVEL EXECUTIVES AT A MEETING ON MARCH 28, 2025; THE VICE-PRESIDENT PEOPLE & CULTURE WAS NOT PRESENT FOR DISCUSSION ABOUT HER PERFORMANCE. AFTER THIS MEETING, A SEPARATE DISCUSSION ABOUT THE COMPENSATION OF THE INSTITUTE PRESIDENT, RECOMMENDED CHANGES WERE PRESENTED TO AND APPROVED BY THE SALK BOARD OF TRUSTEES AT THE EXECUTIVE SESSION OF THE APRIL 4, 2025 BOARD OF TRUSTEES MEETING.
Form 990, Part VI, Line 19 Required documents available to the public	UPON REQUEST, THE OFFICE OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER MAKES AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC THE INSTITUTE'S GOVERNING DOCUMENTS AND CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ARE AVAILABLE ON THE SALK WEBSITE.
Form 990, Part VII, Section A DIRECTORS COMPENSATION	THE FOLLOWING INDIVIDUALS WERE COMPENSATED FOR THE FOLLOWING SERVICES AND NOT PAID AS TRUSTEES: GERALD JOYCE, PH.D. - PRESIDENT/PROFESSOR; REUBEN SHAW, PH.D. - PROFESSOR; JANELLE AYRES, PH.D. - PROFESSOR; WOLFGANG BUSCH, PH.D. - PROFESSOR; CHRISTIAN METALLO, PH.D. - PROFESSOR.
Form 990, Part VIII, Line 11d Other Miscellaneous Revenue	OTHER REVENUE - Total Revenue: 269, Related or Exempt Function Revenue: , Unrelated Business Revenue: , Revenue Excluded from Tax Under Sections 512, 513, or 514: 269;
Form 990, Part XI, Line 9 Other changes in net assets or fund balances	POSTRETIREMENT BENEFIT CHANGES OTHER THAN NET PERIODIC BENEFIT COST - 398627; CHANGE IN VALUE OF DEFERRED GIFTS - 186702; ROUNDING - -47; Total - 585282;
FORM 990, PART III, LINE 4A CONTINUED	THE SALK INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STUDIES IS A WORLD-RENOWED, INDEPENDENT RESEARCH INSTITUTE DEDICATED TO ADVANCING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF LIFE SCIENCES AND IMPROVING HUMAN HEALTH. ITS PROGRAMS BRING TOGETHER LEADING SCIENTISTS ACROSS DISCIPLINES TO EXPLORE FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS IN BIOLOGY, FROM THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF DISEASE TO THE COMPLEXITIES OF THE BRAIN AND THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON LIVING SYSTEMS. THROUGH COLLABORATIVE, CURIOSITY-DRIVEN RESEARCH AND INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY, SALK'S PROGRAMS AIM TO TRANSLATE SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES INTO REAL-WORLD SOLUTIONS THAT BENEFIT SOCIETY. BELOW ARE HIGHLIGHTED SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS DURING JULY 2024 THROUGH JUNE 2025. STUDY REVEALS KEY GENE PROTECTING PLANTS FROM HARMFUL METALS IN SOIL - THE EXCESSIVE USE OF MANURE AND SEWAGE SLUDGE CAN INCREASE HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN AGRICULTURAL LAND WHERE VITAL CROPS ARE GROWN. ONE OF THESE HEAVY METALS IS ZINC, A MICRONUTRIENT NECESSARY FOR PLANT AND ANIMAL HEALTH. IN EXCESS, HOWEVER, ZINC CAN BE EXTREMELY DAMAGING TO SENSITIVE PLANT SPECIES. SALK RESEARCHERS IDENTIFIED A GENE, CALLED TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE OR TBR, THAT HELPS PLANTS MANAGE EXCESS ZINC BY TRAPPING IT IN THEIR ROOT CELL WALLS. SCIENTISTS AND FARMERS CAN NOW USE THIS INFORMATION TO DEVELOP AND GROW CROPS THAT ARE MORE RESILIENT TO SOIL CONTAMINATION. ENHANCING PLANT RESILIENCE IN THIS WAY IS A MAJOR GOAL OF SALK'S HARNESSING PLANTS INITIATIVE. THE STUDY WAS LED BY WOLFGANG BUSCH, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN NATURE COMMUNICATIONS ON JULY 11, 2024. NEW TOOLS REVEAL NEUROPEPTIDES, NOT FAST NEUROTRANSMITTERS, ENCODE DANGER IN THE BRAIN - IN THE SPLIT SECOND THAT YOU ACCIDENTALLY TOUCH THE HOT HANDLE OF A CAST IRON SKILLET, PAIN AND A SENSE OF DANGER RUSH IN. RESEARCHERS ASSUMED THIS PROCESS MUST BE MEDIATED BY FAST-ACTING NEUROTRANSMITTERS, BUT SALK RESEARCHERS CREATED TWO NEW TOOLS TO STUDY THE EMOTIONAL FEAR RESPONSE CIRCUIT IN LIVE MICE FOR THE FIRST TIME. THEY FOUND THAT LARGER, SLOWER MOLECULES CALLED NEUROPEPTIDES ARE THE MAIN MESSENGERS IN THIS CIRCUIT-AND MORE THAN ONE NEUROPEPTIDE IS INVOLVED. THEIR FINDINGS MAY EXPLAIN WHY EXISTING MEDICATIONS THAT TARGET ONLY ONE NEUROPEPTIDE ARE OFTEN INEFFECTIVE AND COULD INSPIRE THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TREATMENTS FOR FEAR-RELATED CONDITIONS LIKE ANXIETY AND PTSD. THE STUDY WAS LED BY SUNG HAN, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN CELL ON JULY 22, 2024. FUEL LEVEL LOW! ENERGY DEFICITS HARM ATHLETES' HEALTH, NEW RESEARCH TOOL REVEALS HOW - RELATIVE ENERGY DEFICIENCY IN SPORT, OR REDS, IS ESTIMATED TO AFFECT MORE THAN 40% OF PROFESSIONAL ATHLETES-AND THE RATE COULD BE EVEN HIGHER IN RECREATIONAL ATHLETES AND EXERCISERS. ATHLETES DEVELOP REDS BY CONSISTENTLY EXPENDING MORE ENERGY THAN THEY TAKE IN. OVER TIME, THIS ENERGY DEFICIT CAN LEAD TO HORMONAL AND REPRODUCTIVE ISSUES, INSOMNIA AND FATIGUE, BONE WEAKNESS AND INJURY, AND A HIGHER RISK OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION. SALK SCIENTISTS CREATED A LANDMARK MOUSE MODEL OF REDS, WITH WHICH THEY FOUND THAT REDS AFFECTS ORGAN SIZE AND GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS ACROSS THE ENTIRE BODY. WHAT'S MORE, THE SYNDROME APPEARS TO IMPACT MALE AND FEMALE MICE DIFFERENTLY, IMPACTING KIDNEY HEALTH THE MOST IN MALES AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND MUSCLE MASS IN FEMALES. THIS WORK COULD IMPROVE REDS DIAGNOSIS AND REVEAL MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR FUTURE THERAPEUTICS TO HALT, REVERSE, OR PREVENT THE SYNDROME. THE STUDY WAS LED BY SATCHIDANANDA PANDA, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN CELL METABOLISM ON SEPTEMBER 3, 2024. ONE IN THREE AMERICANS HAS A DYSFUNCTIONAL METABOLISM, BUT INTERMITTENT FASTING COULD HELP - MORE THAN ONE-THIRD OF ADULTS IN THE UNITED STATES HAVE METABOLIC SYNDROME, A CLUSTER OF CONDITIONS THAT SIGNIFICANTLY RAISE A PERSON'S RISK OF HEART DISEASE, STROKE, AND TYPE 2 DIABETES. THESE CONDITIONS INCLUDE HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, ELEVATED BLOOD SUGAR, EXCESS ABDOMINAL FAT, AND ABNORMAL CHOLESTEROL LEVELS. IN A NEW CLINICAL TRIAL, RESEARCHERS AT SALK AND UC SAN DIEGO FOUND THAT TIME-RESTRICTED EATING-ALSO KNOWN AS INTERMITTENT FASTING-COULD OFFER SIGNIFICANT HEALTH BENEFITS TO ADULTS WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME. COMPARED TO OTHER PRESCRIBED LIFESTYLE CHANGES, TIME-RESTRICTED EATING COULD OFFER A MORE PRACTICAL INTERVENTION ACCESSIBLE TO A WIDER RANGE OF PATIENTS. THE STUDY WAS LED BY SATCHIDANANDA PANDA, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE ON OCTOBER 1, 2024. NEW BRAIN-MAPPING TOOL MAY BE THE "START" OF NEXT-GENERATION THERAPEUTICS - WHEN REPAIRING A CAR, IT'S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND ITS BASIC BLUEPRINT AND HOW ALL THE PARTS CONNECT. TREATING BRAIN DISORDERS IS NO DIFFERENT, EXCEPT THAT SCIENTISTS ARE STILL MISSING KEY DETAILS OF THE BRAIN'S WIRING DIAGRAM. TO ADDRESS THIS, SALK RESEARCHERS DEVELOPED A NEW BRAIN-MAPPING TECHNOLOGY CALLED START. THE CUTTING-EDGE TOOL ALLOWS NEUROSCIENTISTS TO TRACE THE CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF BRAIN CELLS WITH UNPRECEDENTED RESOLUTION. USING THIS TECHNIQUE, THE RESEARCHERS BECAME THE FIRST TO RESOLVE CORTICAL CONNECTIVITY AT THE RESOLUTION OF TRANSCRIPTOMIC CELL TYPES. THE DISCOVERIES MADE WITH START WILL HELP RESEARCHERS DESIGN NEW THERAPEUTICS THAT CAN TARGET CERTAIN NEURONS AND BRAIN CIRCUITS WITH GREATER SPECIFICITY AND EFFICACY, AND WITH FEWER SIDE EFFECTS THAN CURRENT PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES. THE STUDY WAS LED BY EDWARD CALLAWAY, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN IN NEURON ON SEPTEMBER 30, 2024. SCIENTISTS CREATE FIRST MAP OF DNA MODIFICATION IN THE DEVELOPING HUMAN BRAIN - A SALK, UC LOS ANGELES, UC SAN FRANCISCO, UC SAN DIEGO, AND SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY TEAM CREATED THE FIRST MAP OF DNA MODIFICATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX-TWO REGIONS OF THE BRAIN CRITICAL TO LEARNING, MEMORY, AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION, AND ALSO FREQUENTLY INVOLVED IN DISORDERS LIKE AUTISM SPECTRUM AND SCHIZOPHRENIA. THE STUDY PROVIDES AN UNPRECEDENTED LOOK AT HOW GENE REGULATION EVOLVES DURING HUMAN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT, SHOWING HOW THE 3D STRUCTURE OF CHROMATIN (DNA AND PROTEINS) PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE. THE PUBLICLY AVAILABLE ONLINE RESOURCE WILL BE A VALUABLE TOOL SCIENTISTS CAN USE TO CONNECT GENETIC VARIANTS ASSOCIATED WITH THESE CONDITIONS TO THE GENES, CELLS, AND DEVELOPMENTAL PERIODS THAT ARE MOST SENSITIVE TO THEIR EFFECTS. THE STUDY WAS LED BY JOSEPH ECKER, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN NATURE ON OCTOBER 9, 2024. THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS: A CROSS-CHIRAL REACTION CHALLENGES OUR DEFINITION OF LIFE - JUST AS YOUR LEFT AND RIGHT HANDS EXIST AS MIRROR IMAGES OF EACH OTHER, MANY BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES HAVE THEIR OWN FORM OF LEFT- AND RIGHT-HANDEDNESS, CALLED CHIRALITY. ON EARTH, ALL RNA EXISTS IN A RIGHT-HANDED CHIRAL FORM. EVEN WHEN SCIENTISTS MAKE SYNTHETIC LEFT-HANDED VERSIONS, THE TWO GROUPS BEHAVE AS IF ON OPPOSITE SIDES OF A MIRROR, UNABLE TO INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER. BUT WHAT IF THEY COULD? USING SOPHISTICATED BIOENGINEERING TECHNIQUES, SALK SCIENTISTS ENGINEERED A CHEMICAL SYSTEM IN WHICH LEFT- AND RIGHT-HANDED VERSIONS OF AN RNA ENZYME COULD EFFECTIVELY "REACH THROUGH THE MIRROR REPLICATE EACH OTHER EXPONENTIALLY AND INDEFINITELY. THIS IS THE FIRST EVIDENCE OF A LIFELIKE CHEMICAL SYSTEM THAT OPERATES ON BOTH SIDES OF THE MIRROR OF CHIRALITY, CREATING THE OPPORTUNITY TO STUDY AN ENTIRELY NEW FORM OF BIOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION. THE ACHIEVEMENT COULD ALSO ADVANCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF CROSS-CHIRAL THERAPEUTICS, DIAGNOSTICS, AND OTHER BIOTECHNOLOGIES. THE STUDY WAS LED BY GERALD JOYCE, MD, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ON OCTOBER 22, 2024. CHOLESTEROL IS NOT THE ONLY LIPID INVOLVED IN TRANS FAT-DRIVEN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE - HIGH CHOLESTEROL HAS LONG BEEN THE FOCUS OF MANY HEART HEALTH CAMPAIGNS DUE TO ITS ROLE IN FORMING ARTERY-CLOGGING PLAQUES THAT CAN LEAD TO STROKE, HEART ATTACK, OR ARTERIAL DISEASE. BUT NEW SALK RESEARCH REVEALED THAT ANOTHER CLASS OF LIPIDS, CALLED SPHINGOLIPIDS, CAN ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO ARTERIAL PLAQUES AND HEART DISEASE. WHEN THE TEAM TRACKED THE FLOW OF DIETARY FATS THROUGHOUT THE BODY, THEY FOUND THAT TRANS FATS WERE BEING METABOLIZED INTO SPHINGOLIPIDS, AND THIS DROVE THE LIVER TO SECRETE ARTERY-CLOGGING MOLECULES INTO THE BLOODSTREAM. THE DISCOVERY THAT SPHINGOLIPIDS-NOT JUST CHOLESTEROL-CAN DIRECTLY CONTRIBUTE TO ATHEROSCLEROTIC HEART DISEASE OPENS A WHOLE NEW SET OF MOLECULES AND PATHWAYS THAT COULD BE TARGETED WITH NEW DRUGS TO WARD OFF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, HEART ATTACK, AND STROKE. THE STUDY WAS LED BY CHRISTIAN METALLO, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN CELL METABOLISM ON NOVEMBER 14, 2024.
FORM 990, PART III, LINE 4A CONTINUED	NEUROSCIENTISTS DISCOVER HOW THE BRAIN SLOWS ANXIOUS BREATHING - HUMANS HAVE LONG USED SLOW BREATHING TO REGULATE EMOTIONS, AND, FOR THE FIRST TIME, SALK NEUROSCIENTISTS HAVE IDENTIFIED A SPECIFIC BRAIN CIRCUIT THAT MAKES THIS POSSIBLE. USING MICE, THE RESEARCHERS PINPOINTED A GROUP OF BRAIN CELLS IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX OF THE BRAIN THAT CONNECTS TO THE LOWER BRAINSTEM, WHERE VITAL ACTIONS LIKE BREATHING ARE CONTROLLED. THIS NEURAL PATHWAY ALLOWS US TO COORDINATE OUR BREATHING WITH OUR CURRENT BEHAVIORS AND EMOTIONAL STATE. NEW THERAPEUTICS DESIGNED TO TARGET THESE BRAIN CELLS COULD HELP PREVENT PANIC AND HYPERVENTILATION IN ANXIETY AND POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDERS. THE STUDY WAS LED BY SUNG HAN, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN NATURE NEUROSCIENCE ON NOVEMBER 19, 2024. SUPERIOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS ABILITIES OF SOME PLANTS COULD HOLD KEY TO MORE RESILIENT CROPS - MORE THAN 3 BILLION YEARS AGO, ON AN EARTH ENTIRELY COVERED WITH WATER, PHOTOSYNTHESIS FIRST EVOLVED IN ANCIENT BACTERIA. THIS EVOLUTION WAS PUNCTUATED AROUND 30 MILLION YEARS AGO WITH THE EMERGENCE OF A NEWER, BETTER WAY TO PHOTOSYNTHESIZE CALLED C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS. C4 PLANTS CAN THRIVE IN HOT, DRY CLIMATES AND ARE AMONG THE MOST PRODUCTIVE CROP SPECIES IN THE WORLD. HOWEVER, AROUND 95% OF PLANTS USE C3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS, A LESS EFFICIENT FORM THAT MAKES THEM MORE VULNERABLE TO DROUGHT AND HEAT. NOW, SALK AND UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE COLLABORATORS HAVE MADE A BREAKTHROUGH IN UNDERSTANDING THE EVOLUTION OF C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS. THEIR FINDINGS MAY BE USED TO DRIVE C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN IMPORTANT C3 CROPS LIKE RICE, WHEAT, AND SOYBEANS, MAKING THEM MORE PRODUCTIVE AND RESILIENT. THE STUDY WAS LED BY JOSEPH ECKER, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN NATURE ON NOVEMBER 20, 2024. YOUR IMMUNE CELLS ARE WHAT THEY EAT - THE DECISION BETWEEN SCRAMBLED EGGS AND AN APPLE FOR BREAKFAST PROBABLY WON'T MAKE OR BREAK YOUR DAY, BUT FOR YOUR CELLS, A SIMILAR DECISION COULD DETERMINE THEIR ENTIRE IDENTITY. SALK RESEARCHERS FOUND THAT THE STATE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM'S T-CELLS COULD BE DETERMINED BY WHICH NUTRIENT THE CELL WAS METABOLIZING. SWITCHING FROM ACETATE TO CITRATE COULD SHIFT THE CELLS FROM AN ACTIVE, DISEASE-FIGHTING "EFFECTOR" STATE TO AN "EXHAUSTED" ONE. THE FINDINGS REVEAL HOW DIFFERENT NUTRIENTS CAN CHANGE A CELL'S GENE EXPRESSION, FUNCTION, AND IDENTITY. THEY ALSO SUGGEST THAT NEW THERAPIES COULD BE DESIGNED TO TARGET THESE NUTRIENT-DEPENDENT MECHANISMS TO HELP T CELLS REMAIN ACTIVE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC DISEASES LIKE CANCER. THE STUDY WAS LED BY SUSAN KAECH, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN SCIENCE ON DECEMBER 12, 2024. PLANT CELLS GAIN IMMUNE CAPABILITIES WHEN IT'S TIME TO FIGHT DISEASE - BECAUSE PLANT CELLS ARE IMMOBILE, EACH CELL IS FORCED TO MANAGE ITS OWN IMMUNITY ON TOP OF ITS MANY OTHER RESPONSIBILITIES. NEW SALK RESEARCH HELPS EXPLAIN HOW THESE MULTITASKING CELLS ACCOMPLISH IT ALL-DETECTING THREATS, RESPONDING TO THEM, AND WARNING OTHERS. WHEN PLANT CELLS ENCOUNTER A PATHOGEN, THEY ENTER A SPECIALIZED IMMUNE STATE AND TEMPORARILY BECOME PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONDER (PRIMER) CELLS THAT ACT AS A HUB TO INITIATE THE IMMUNE RESPONSE. THESE PRIMER CELLS ARE ALSO SURROUNDED BY ANOTHER POPULATION OF CELLS, DEEMED BYSTANDER CELLS, WHICH SEEM TO BE IMPORTANT FOR TRANSMITTING THE IMMUNE RESPONSE THROUGHOUT THE PLANT. THE FINDINGS BRING US CLOSER TO UNDERSTANDING THE PLANT IMMUNE SYSTEM-AN INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT TASK AMID THE GROWING THREATS OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE. THE STUDY WAS LED BY JOSEPH ECKER, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN NATURE ON JANUARY 8, 2025. TWO-IN-ONE ROOT ARMOR PROTECTS PLANTS FROM ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS AND CAPTURES EXCESS CARBON - TO COMPENSATE FOR THEIR INABILITY TO UP AND MOVE WHEN DANGER STRIKES, MANY PLANTS HAVE EVOLVED DIFFERENT WAYS TO PROTECT THEMSELVES, SUCH AS BUILDING AN ARMOR CALLED THE PERIDERM AROUND THEIR BODY AND ROOTS. SALK RESEARCHERS HAVE DEBUTED THE FIRST COMPREHENSIVE GENE EXPRESSION ATLAS OF THE PLANT PERIDERM AT THE SINGLE-CELL LEVEL. THIS INCLUDES IMPORTANT INSIGHTS INTO PHELLEM CELLS, WHICH ARE RICH IN SUBERIN-A MOLECULE THAT HELPS CAPTURE AND STORE EXCESS CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE ATMOSPHERE. SCIENTISTS CAN NOW USE THIS INFORMATION TO STIMULATE PERIDERM GROWTH IN PLANTS FACING ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS, OR BOOST PHELLEM CELL GENES TO PRODUCE PLANTS WITH ENHANCED CARBON-CAPTURING ABILITIES-A CENTRAL GOAL OF SALK'S HARNESSING PLANTS INITIATIVE. THE STUDY WAS LED BY WOLFGANG BUSCH, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN DEVELOPMENTAL CELL ON JANUARY 9, 2025. PUTTING A LID ON EXCESS CHOLESTEROL TO HALT BLADDER CANCER CELL GROWTH - BLADDER CANCER IS THE FOURTH MOST COMMON CANCER IN MEN, AND, LIKE ALL CANCERS, IT DEVELOPS WHEN ABNORMAL CELLS START TO MULTIPLY OUT OF CONTROL. SALK CANCER BIOLOGISTS HAVE DISCOVERED THAT PIN1, A PROTEIN FIRST DISCOVERED IN THE LAB OF TONY HUNTER, PHD, IN 1996, IS A MAJOR DRIVER OF BLADDER CANCER. THEY REVEALED THAT IT WORKS BY TRIGGERING THE SYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL-A LIPID THAT CANCER CELLS USE AS FUEL TO GROW. THE RESEARCHERS DEVELOPED AN EFFECTIVE TWO-DRUG TREATMENT REGIMEN THAT HALTED TUMOR GROWTH IN MICE: SULFOPIN, AN EXPERIMENTAL PIN1 INHIBITOR, AND SIMVASTATIN, A STATIN THAT IS ALREADY COMMONLY USED IN HUMANS TO LOWER CHOLESTEROL LEVELS AND REDUCE THE RISK OF HEART DISEASE. THE STUDY WAS LED BY HUNTER AND PUBLISHED IN CANCER DISCOVERY, A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER RESEARCH, ON JANUARY 14, 2025. BILE ACIDS EXACERBATE LIVER CANCER, DIETARY SUPPLEMENT MAY OFFER RELIEF - IMMUNOTHERAPY HAS MADE AN INCREDIBLE IMPACT ON TREATING CANCERS OF THE LUNG, KIDNEY, AND SKIN-BUT FOR LIVER CANCER, THE TREATMENT HAS BEEN MUCH LESS EFFECTIVE. TO UNDERSTAND WHY, SALK RESEARCHERS TOOK A CLOSER LOOK AT HOW THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND LIVER INTERACT. THEY DISCOVERED THAT CERTAIN BILE ACIDS IN THE LIVER WERE AFFECTING THE ACTIVITY OF CANCER-FIGHTING IMMUNE CELLS CALLED T-CELLS. BUT WHILE MANY OF THESE BILE ACIDS WERE IMPAIRING T-CELL FUNCTION, ONE SPECIFIC BILE ACID, CALLED URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID (UDCA), WAS ACTUALLY BOOSTING THEIR ACTIVITY. AND WHEN MICE WERE GIVEN A UDCA DIETARY SUPPLEMENT, IT WAS ENOUGH TO CONTROL LIVER TUMOR GROWTH. SINCE UDCA IS ALREADY AVAILABLE AS A GENERIC MEDICATION, THE RESEARCHERS ARE HOPEFUL THAT IT COULD BE INCORPORATED INTO LIVER CANCER TREATMENTS TO MAKE IMMUNOTHERAPY MORE EFFECTIVE FOR THESE PATIENTS. THE STUDY WAS LED BY SUSAN KAECH, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN SCIENCE ON JANUARY 9, 2025. BOOSTING THIS MOLECULE COULD HELP RETAIN MUSCLE WHILE LOSING FAT - WEIGHT LOSS DOESN'T DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN FAT AND MUSCLE. PATIENTS USING GLP-1 DRUGS CAN EXPERIENCE RAPID AND SUBSTANTIAL MUSCLE LOSS, ACCOUNTING FOR AS MUCH AS 40 PERCENT OF THEIR TOTAL WEIGHT LOSS. SALK RESEARCHERS DISCOVERED THAT A PROTEIN CALLED BCL6 IS KEY TO MAINTAINING HEALTHY MUSCLE MASS. THE EXPERIMENTS SHOWED THAT FASTING LED TO LOWER BCL6 LEVELS AND REDUCED MUSCLE MASS AND STRENGTH IN MICE, BUT INCREASING BCL6 SUCCESSFULLY REVERSED THESE LOSSES. THE RESEARCHERS SUGGEST THAT PAIRING GLP-1 MEDICATIONS WITH A BCL6-BOOSTING DRUG MAY HELP COUNTERACT UNWANTED MUSCLE LOSS. SIMILAR THERAPIES COULD ALSO BE USED TO TREAT OTHER POPULATIONS PRONE TO MUSCLE LOSS, SUCH AS OLDER ADULTS AND PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC DISEASES LIKE SEPSIS OR CANCER. THE STUDY WAS LED BY RONALD EVANS, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ON JANUARY 22, 2025. NEW STUDY EXPLAINS HOW ANTIDEPRESSANTS CAN PROTECT AGAINST INFECTIONS AND SEPSIS - ANTIDEPRESSANTS LIKE PROZAC ARE COMMONLY PRESCRIBED TO TREAT MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS, BUT NEW RESEARCH SUGGESTS THEY COULD ALSO PROTECT AGAINST LIFE-THREATENING SEPSIS AND SERIOUS INFECTIONS. SALK SCIENTISTS HAVE UNCOVERED HOW THESE DRUGS ARE ABLE TO REGULATE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND DEFEND AGAINST INFECTIOUS DISEASE. THEY FOUND THAT PROZAC INCREASED LEVELS OF AN IMMUNE SYSTEM MOLECULE CALLED INTERLEUKIN-10 IN MICE, WHICH LED TO REDUCED INFLAMMATION AND PREVENTED SEPSIS-INDUCED HEART FAILURE. THESE INSIGHTS COULD LEAD TO A NEW GENERATION OF LIFESAVING MEDICATIONS AND ENHANCE GLOBAL PREPAREDNESS FOR FUTURE PANDEMICS. THE STUDY WAS LED BY JANELLE AYRES, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN SCIENCE ADVANCES ON FEBRUARY 14, 2025. PEPTIDE IMITATION IS THE SINCEREST FORM OF PLANT FLATTERY - FERTILIZER PRODUCTION CONSUMES MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY, AND ITS USE POLLUTES THE WATER, AIR, AND LAND. SALK PLANT BIOLOGISTS ARE PROPOSING A NEW SOLUTION TO HELP KICK THIS UNSUSTAINABLE FERTILIZER HABIT. IN THEIR NEW STUDY, THE RESEARCHERS IDENTIFIED A KEY MOLECULE PRODUCED BY PLANT ROOTS, A SMALL PEPTIDE CALLED CLE16 THAT ENCOURAGES PLANTS AND BENEFICIAL SOIL FUNGI TO INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER. THEY SAY BOOSTING THIS SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP, IN WHICH THE FUNGI PROVIDE MINERAL NUTRIENTS TO THE PLANTS THROUGH CLE16 SUPPLEMENTATION, COULD BE A MORE NATURAL AND SUSTAINABLE WAY TO ENCOURAGE CROP GROWTH WITHOUT THE USE OF HARMFUL ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZERS. THE STUDY WAS LED BY LENA MUELLER, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ON APRIL 14, 2025.
FORM 990, PART III, LINE 4A CONTINUED	ESTROGEN-RELATED RECEPTORS COULD BE KEY TO TREATING METABOLIC AND MUSCULAR DISORDERS - ACROSS THE BODY, TINY BEAN-SHAPED STRUCTURES CALLED MITOCHONDRIA TURN THE FOOD WE EAT INTO USABLE ENERGY. THIS CELLULAR-LEVEL METABOLISM IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT IN MUSCLE CELLS, WHICH REQUIRE A LOT OF FUEL TO POWER OUR MOVEMENT. MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IS DIFFICULT TO TREAT, BUT RECENT SALK FINDINGS SHOW THAT A GROUP OF PROTEINS CALLED ESTROGEN-RELATED RECEPTORS COULD BE A NEW AND EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC TARGET. THE SCIENTISTS DISCOVERED THAT ESTROGEN-RELATED RECEPTORS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MUSCLE CELL METABOLISM-ESPECIALLY DURING EXERCISE. DEVELOPING A DRUG TO BOOST ESTROGEN-RELATED RECEPTORS COULD BE A POWERFUL WAY TO RESTORE ENERGY SUPPLIES IN PEOPLE WITH METABOLIC DISORDERS, SUCH AS MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY. THE STUDY WAS LED BY RONALD EVANS, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ON MAY 12, 2025. ACTION! PROTEINS CRITICAL TO HEALTHY BRAIN DEVELOPMENT CAPTURED ON FILM - OUR CELLS RELY ON MICROSCOPIC HIGHWAYS AND SPECIALIZED PROTEIN VEHICLES TO MOVE EVERYTHING-FROM POSITIONING ORGANELLES TO CARTING PROTEIN INSTRUCTIONS TO DISPOSING OF CELLULAR GARBAGE. THESE HIGHWAYS (CALLED MICROTUBULES) AND VEHICLES (CALLED MOTOR PROTEINS) ARE INDISPENSABLE TO CELLULAR FUNCTION AND SURVIVAL. USING ADVANCED MODERN IMAGING TECHNIQUES, SALK RESEARCHERS MADE A MOLECULAR MOVIE OF THE MOTOR PROTEIN DYNEIN BEING TURNED ON BY ITS SMALL PARTNER PROTEIN LIS1. THE FINDINGS PAVE THE WAY FOR NEW THERAPEUTICS THAT RESTORE LIS1 AND DYNEIN FUNCTION-A CRUCIAL TASK, SINCE THEIR DYSFUNCTION CAN LEAD TO SEVERE DEVELOPMENTAL AND NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. THE STUDY WAS LED BY AGNIESZKA KENDRICK, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ON MAY 23, 2025. CANNABIS PANGENOME REVEALS POTENTIAL FOR MEDICINAL AND INDUSTRIAL USE - CANNABIS HAS BEEN A GLOBALLY IMPORTANT CROP FOR MILLENNIA, SERVING AS A CORNERSTONE OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION BY PROVIDING SEED OIL, TEXTILES, AND FOOD FOR OVER 10,000 YEARS. TODAY, CANNABIS REMAINS AN UNDERSTUDIED AND UNDERUTILIZED RESOURCE, BUT US BILLS PASSED IN 2014 AND 2018 HAVE RE-ENERGIZED CANNABIS CROP DEVELOPMENT FOR MEDICINAL, GRAIN, AND FIBER APPLICATIONS. SALK PLANT BIOLOGISTS HAVE CREATED THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE, HIGH-QUALITY, AND DETAILED GENETIC ATLAS OF CANNABIS TO DATE. THE TEAM ANALYZED 193 DIFFERENT CANNABIS GENOMES (ENTIRE SETS OF GENETIC INFORMATION), REVEALING AN UNPRECEDENTED DIVERSITY, COMPLEXITY, AND UNTAPPED OPPORTUNITY WITHIN THIS FOUNDATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SPECIES. THEIR FINDINGS SET THE STAGE FOR TRANSFORMATIVE ADVANCES IN CANNABIS-BASED AGRICULTURE, MEDICINE, AND INDUSTRY. THE STUDY WAS LED BY TODD MICHAEL, PHD, AND PUBLISHED IN NATURE ON MAY 28, 2025.

Schedule R IRS990ScheduleR

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SALK INSTITUTE COMMERCIAL SERVICES CORP
10010 N TORREY PINES ROAD	LA JOLLA	CA	920371002	232159172	MGMT SERVICES	PA	SALK INSTITUTE	C Corporation	$4	$41,147	1.0000	Yes (true)
CHARITABLE REMAINDER TRUSTS (5)
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