EDUCATION EQUALS HOPE INC: Form 990, tax year 2017

View the entire original 990 at ProPublica ↗

Organization
EDUCATION EQUALS HOPE INC (EIN 27-0832096)
Tax period
2017-01-01 to 2017-12-31
Filed
2018-05-15
IRS object ID
201841359349301594
Schema version
2017v2.3
Source
Download XML · Original 990 at ProPublica

Every field in the e-filed return. Faint text is the IRS element name, for citing.

Return header ReturnHeader

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Return2018-05-15T09:51:46-04:00ReturnTs
Tax Period End2017-12-31TaxPeriodEndDt

Preparer Firm PreparerFirmGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Preparer Firm EIN161658792PreparerFirmEIN

Preparer Firm Name PreparerFirmName

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Business Name Line1ROBERT PALMER AND ASSOCIATES LLCBusinessNameLine1Txt

Preparer US Address PreparerUSAddress

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Address Line11201 CAROLINA PLACE STE 103AddressLine1Txt
CityFORT MILLCityNm
State AbbreviationSCStateAbbreviationCd
ZIP297086502ZIPCd
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Return Type990ReturnTypeCd
Tax Period Begin2017-01-01TaxPeriodBeginDt

Filer Filer

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
EIN270832096EIN

Business Name BusinessName

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Business Name Line1EDUCATION EQUALS HOPE INCBusinessNameLine1Txt
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Business Name ControlEDUCBusinessNameControlTxt

US Address USAddress

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Address Line1100 MAIN STREETAddressLine1Txt
CityFORT MILLCityNm
State AbbreviationSCStateAbbreviationCd
ZIP29715ZIPCd

Business Officer BusinessOfficerGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
PersonCHIP SMITHPersonNm
Person TitleCHAIRMANPersonTitleTxt
Phone8033968555PhoneNum
Signature2018-05-14SignatureDt
Discuss With Paid PreparerYes (true)DiscussWithPaidPreparerInd

Preparer Person PreparerPersonGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Preparer PersonROBERT F PALMER IIIPreparerPersonNm
PTINP00652076PTIN
Phone8035477066PhoneNum
Preparation2018-05-14PreparationDt

Filing Security Information FilingSecurityInformation

IP Address IPAddress

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
I Pv4 Address167.68.16.49IPv4AddressTxt
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
IP2018-05-15IPDt
IP Tm08:51:46IPTm
IP TimezoneCDIPTimezoneCd
Filing License TypePFilingLicenseTypeCd
At Submission Creation Device Id77D71ED6ADEA0495973AF0BFF4723F6679972267AtSubmissionCreationDeviceId
At Submission Filing Device Id8DA5CD20C9F7A62F6C62D4EC075CCA9F592DDC99AtSubmissionFilingDeviceId
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Tax2017TaxYr
Build TS2021-01-29 14:40:06ZBuildTS

Form 990 IRS990

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Principal OfficerCHIP SMITHPrincipalOfficerNm

US Address USAddress

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Address Line1118 COUNTRY CLUB DRIVEAddressLine1Txt
CityFORT MILLCityNm
State AbbreviationSCStateAbbreviationCd
ZIP29715ZIPCd
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Gross Receipts$474,384GrossReceiptsAmt
Group Return For AffiliatesfalseGroupReturnForAffiliatesInd
Organization501c3Yes (X)Organization501c3Ind
Website AddressWWW.EDUCATIONEQUALSHOPE.ORGWebsiteAddressTxt
Type Of Organization CorpYes (X)TypeOfOrganizationCorpInd
Formation2010FormationYr
Legal Domicile StateSCLegalDomicileStateCd
Activity Or MissionTO PROVIDE FOR THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN IN DESPERATE AND DIFFICULT PLACES.ActivityOrMissionDesc
Voting Members Governing Body7VotingMembersGoverningBodyCnt
Voting Members Independent7VotingMembersIndependentCnt
Total Employee1TotalEmployeeCnt
Total Volunteers25TotalVolunteersCnt
Total Gross UBI$0TotalGrossUBIAmt
PY Contributions Grants$445,047PYContributionsGrantsAmt
CY Contributions Grants$437,780CYContributionsGrantsAmt
CY Program Service Revenue$0CYProgramServiceRevenueAmt
CY Investment Income$36,604CYInvestmentIncomeAmt
PY Other Revenue$2,901PYOtherRevenueAmt
CY Other Revenue$0CYOtherRevenueAmt
PY Total Revenue$447,948PYTotalRevenueAmt
CY Total Revenue$474,384CYTotalRevenueAmt
PY Grants And Similar Paid$334,677PYGrantsAndSimilarPaidAmt
CY Grants And Similar Paid$356,552CYGrantsAndSimilarPaidAmt
CY Benefits Paid To Members$0CYBenefitsPaidToMembersAmt
PY Salaries Comp Emp Bnft Paid$10,563PYSalariesCompEmpBnftPaidAmt
CY Salaries Comp Emp Bnft Paid$30,926CYSalariesCompEmpBnftPaidAmt
CY Total Prof Fndrsng Expns$0CYTotalProfFndrsngExpnsAmt
CY Total Fundraising Expense$0CYTotalFundraisingExpenseAmt
PY Other Expenses$21,014PYOtherExpensesAmt
CY Other Expenses$66,683CYOtherExpensesAmt
PY Total Expenses$366,254PYTotalExpensesAmt
CY Total Expenses$454,161CYTotalExpensesAmt
PY Revenues Less Expenses$81,694PYRevenuesLessExpensesAmt
CY Revenues Less Expenses$20,223CYRevenuesLessExpensesAmt
Total Assets BOY$215,261TotalAssetsBOYAmt
Total Assets EOY$234,972TotalAssetsEOYAmt
Total Liabilities BOY$512TotalLiabilitiesBOYAmt
Total Liabilities EOY$0TotalLiabilitiesEOYAmt
Net Assets Or Fund Balances BOY$214,749NetAssetsOrFundBalancesBOYAmt
Net Assets Or Fund Balances EOY$234,972NetAssetsOrFundBalancesEOYAmt
MissionTO PROVIDE FOR THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN IN DESPERATE AND DIFFICULT PLACES.MissionDesc
Significant New Program SrvcfalseSignificantNewProgramSrvcInd
Significant ChangefalseSignificantChangeInd
Expense$209,385ExpenseAmt
Grant$139,840GrantAmt
DescTO PROVIDE EDUCATIONAL SERVICES TO SCHOOLS IN HAITI.Desc

Prog Srvc Accom Acty2 ProgSrvcAccomActy2Grp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Expense$150,959ExpenseAmt
Grant$150,959GrantAmt
DescTO PROVIDE EDUCATIONAL SERVICES TO SCHOOLS IN ECUADOR.Desc

Prog Srvc Accom Acty3 ProgSrvcAccomActy3Grp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Expense$65,753ExpenseAmt
Grant$65,753GrantAmt
DescTO PROVIDE EDUCATIONAL SERVICES TO SCHOOLS IN RWANDA & UGANDA.Desc
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total Program Service Expenses$426,097TotalProgramServiceExpensesAmt
Described In Section501c3Yes (true)DescribedInSection501c3Ind
Schedule B RequiredfalseScheduleBRequiredInd
Political Campaign ActyfalsePoliticalCampaignActyInd
Lobbying ActivitiesfalseLobbyingActivitiesInd
Subject To Proxy TaxfalseSubjectToProxyTaxInd
Donor Advised FundfalseDonorAdvisedFundInd
Conservation EasementsfalseConservationEasementsInd
Collections Of ArtfalseCollectionsOfArtInd
Credit CounselingfalseCreditCounselingInd
Temp Or Permanent EndowmentsfalseTempOrPermanentEndowmentsInd
Report Land Building EquipmentYes (true)ReportLandBuildingEquipmentInd
Report Investments Other SecfalseReportInvestmentsOtherSecInd
Report Program Related InvstfalseReportProgramRelatedInvstInd
Report Other AssetsfalseReportOtherAssetsInd
Report Other LiabilitiesfalseReportOtherLiabilitiesInd
Include FIN48 FootnotefalseIncludeFIN48FootnoteInd
Independent Audit Fincl StmtfalseIndependentAuditFinclStmtInd
Consolidated Audit Fincl StmtfalseConsolidatedAuditFinclStmtInd
School OperatingfalseSchoolOperatingInd
Foreign OfficefalseForeignOfficeInd
Foreign ActivitiesfalseForeignActivitiesInd
More Than5000 K To OrgYes (true)MoreThan5000KToOrgInd
More Than5000 K To IndividualsfalseMoreThan5000KToIndividualsInd
Professional FundraisingfalseProfessionalFundraisingInd
Fundraising ActivitiesfalseFundraisingActivitiesInd
Gaming ActivitiesfalseGamingActivitiesInd
Operate HospitalfalseOperateHospitalInd
Grants To OrganizationsfalseGrantsToOrganizationsInd
Grants To IndividualsfalseGrantsToIndividualsInd
Schedule J RequiredfalseScheduleJRequiredInd
Tax Exempt BondsfalseTaxExemptBondsInd
Engaged In Excess Benefit TransfalseEngagedInExcessBenefitTransInd
PY Excess Benefit TransfalsePYExcessBenefitTransInd
Loan OutstandingfalseLoanOutstandingInd
Grant To Related PersonfalseGrantToRelatedPersonInd
Business Rln With Org MemfalseBusinessRlnWithOrgMemInd
Business Rln With Fam MemfalseBusinessRlnWithFamMemInd
Business Rln With Officer EntfalseBusinessRlnWithOfficerEntInd
Deductible Non Cash ContrifalseDeductibleNonCashContriInd
Deductible Art ContributionfalseDeductibleArtContributionInd
Terminate OperationsfalseTerminateOperationsInd
Partial LiquidationfalsePartialLiquidationInd
Disregarded EntityfalseDisregardedEntityInd
Related EntityfalseRelatedEntityInd
Related Organization Ctrl EntfalseRelatedOrganizationCtrlEntInd
Trnsfr Exmpt Non Chrtbl Rltd OrgfalseTrnsfrExmptNonChrtblRltdOrgInd
Activities Conducted PrtshpfalseActivitiesConductedPrtshpInd
Schedule O RequiredfalseScheduleORequiredInd
IRP Document1IRPDocumentCnt
IRP Document W2 G1IRPDocumentW2GCnt
Employee1EmployeeCnt
Employment Tax Returns FiledfalseEmploymentTaxReturnsFiledInd
Unrelated Bus Incm Over LimitfalseUnrelatedBusIncmOverLimitInd
Foreign Financial AccountfalseForeignFinancialAccountInd
Prohibited Tax Shelter TransfalseProhibitedTaxShelterTransInd
Taxable Party NotificationfalseTaxablePartyNotificationInd
Nondeductible ContributionsfalseNondeductibleContributionsInd
Indoor Tanning ServicesfalseIndoorTanningServicesInd
Info In Schedule O Part VIYes (X)InfoInScheduleOPartVIInd
Governing Body Voting Members7GoverningBodyVotingMembersCnt
Independent Voting Member7IndependentVotingMemberCnt
Family Or Business RlnfalseFamilyOrBusinessRlnInd
Delegation Of Mgmt DutiesfalseDelegationOfMgmtDutiesInd
Change To Org DocumentsfalseChangeToOrgDocumentsInd
Material Diversion Or MisusefalseMaterialDiversionOrMisuseInd
Members Or StockholdersfalseMembersOrStockholdersInd
Election Of Board MembersfalseElectionOfBoardMembersInd
Decisions Subject To ApprovafalseDecisionsSubjectToApprovaInd
Minutes Of Governing BodyYes (true)MinutesOfGoverningBodyInd
Minutes Of CommitteesYes (true)MinutesOfCommitteesInd
Officer Mailing AddressfalseOfficerMailingAddressInd
Local ChaptersfalseLocalChaptersInd
Form990 Provided To Gvrn BodyYes (true)Form990ProvidedToGvrnBodyInd
Conflict Of Interest PolicyfalseConflictOfInterestPolicyInd
Whistleblower PolicyfalseWhistleblowerPolicyInd
Document Retention PolicyfalseDocumentRetentionPolicyInd
Compensation Process CEOfalseCompensationProcessCEOInd
Compensation Process OtherfalseCompensationProcessOtherInd
Investment In Joint VenturefalseInvestmentInJointVentureInd
States Where Copy Of Return Is FldSCStatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFldCd
Upon RequestYes (X)UponRequestInd

Books In Care Of Detail BooksInCareOfDetail

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
PersonSTUART SMITHPersonNm
Phone8034930374PhoneNum

US Address USAddress

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Address Line1100 MAIN STAddressLine1Txt
CityFORT MILLCityNm
State AbbreviationSCStateAbbreviationCd
ZIP29715ZIPCd
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
No Listed Persons CompensatedYes (X)NoListedPersonsCompensatedInd

Form990 Part VII Section A Form990PartVIISectionAGrp (4 entries)

TitleTitleTxtAverage Hours Per WeekAverageHoursPerWeekRtOfficerOfficerIndReportable Comp From OrgReportableCompFromOrgAmtReportable Comp From Rltd OrgReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmtOther CompensationOtherCompensationAmt
CHIP SMITH
CHAIRMAN20.00Yes (X)$0$0$0
MARK S PETTIBON
VICE CHAIRMA1.00Yes (X)$0$0$0
ROBERT PALMER
TREASURER0.50Yes (X)$0$0$0
JOYCE SANDERS
SECRETARY0.50Yes (X)$0$0$0
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Former Ofcr Employees ListedfalseFormerOfcrEmployeesListedInd
Total Comp Greater Than150 KfalseTotalCompGreaterThan150KInd
Compensation From Other SrcsfalseCompensationFromOtherSrcsInd
Federated Campaigns$437,780FederatedCampaignsAmt
Total Contributions$437,780TotalContributionsAmt

Gross Amount Sales Assets GrossAmountSalesAssetsGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Other$36,604OtherAmt

Gain Or Loss GainOrLossGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Other$36,604OtherAmt

Net Gain Or Loss Investments NetGainOrLossInvestmentsGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total Revenue Column$36,604TotalRevenueColumnAmt
Related Or Exempt Func Income$36,604RelatedOrExemptFuncIncomeAmt

Total Revenue TotalRevenueGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total Revenue Column$474,384TotalRevenueColumnAmt
Related Or Exempt Func Income$36,604RelatedOrExemptFuncIncomeAmt

Foreign Grants ForeignGrantsGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$356,552TotalAmt
Program Services$356,552ProgramServicesAmt

Other Salaries And Wages OtherSalariesAndWagesGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$26,376TotalAmt
Program Services$26,376ProgramServicesAmt

Payroll Taxes PayrollTaxesGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$4,550TotalAmt
Program Services$4,550ProgramServicesAmt

Fees For Services Accounting FeesForServicesAccountingGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$1,672TotalAmt
Program Services$1,672ProgramServicesAmt

Fees For Services Other FeesForServicesOtherGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$30,442TotalAmt
Program Services$5,683ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General$24,759ManagementAndGeneralAmt

Advertising AdvertisingGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$321TotalAmt
Program Services$321ProgramServicesAmt

Office Expenses OfficeExpensesGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$409TotalAmt
Management And General$409ManagementAndGeneralAmt

Information Technology InformationTechnologyGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$5,810TotalAmt
Program Services$4,353ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General$1,457ManagementAndGeneralAmt

Travel TravelGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$10,067TotalAmt
Program Services$10,067ProgramServicesAmt

Conferences Meetings ConferencesMeetingsGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$375TotalAmt
Program Services$375ProgramServicesAmt

Depreciation Depletion DepreciationDepletionGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$448TotalAmt
Program Services$448ProgramServicesAmt

Insurance InsuranceGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$1,387TotalAmt
Management And General$1,387ManagementAndGeneralAmt

Other Expenses OtherExpensesGrp (4 entries)

DescDescTotalTotalAmtProgram ServicesProgramServicesAmtManagement And GeneralManagementAndGeneralAmt
TAXES$6,076$6,076
BANK / CREDIT CARD FEES$4,891$4,891
REFUND - DONATION DISPUTE$4,723$4,723
BUSINESS REGISTRATION FEE$52$52

All Other Expenses AllOtherExpensesGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$10TotalAmt
Program Services$10ProgramServicesAmt

Total Functional Expenses TotalFunctionalExpensesGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$454,161TotalAmt
Program Services$426,097ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General$28,064ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising$0FundraisingAmt

Cash Non Interest Bearing CashNonInterestBearingGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY$215,261BOYAmt
EOY$234,673EOYAmt
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Land Bldg Equip Cost Or Other Bss$747LandBldgEquipCostOrOtherBssAmt
Land Bldg Equip Accum Deprec$448LandBldgEquipAccumDeprecAmt

Land Bldg Equip Basis Net LandBldgEquipBasisNetGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
EOY$299EOYAmt

Total Assets TotalAssetsGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY$215,261BOYAmt
EOY$234,972EOYAmt

Accounts Payable Accr Expnss AccountsPayableAccrExpnssGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY$512BOYAmt

Total Liabilities TotalLiabilitiesGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY$512BOYAmt
EOY$0EOYAmt
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Organization Follows SFAS117Yes (X)OrganizationFollowsSFAS117Ind

Unrestricted Net Assets UnrestrictedNetAssetsGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY$214,749BOYAmt
EOY$234,972EOYAmt

Total Net Assets Fund Balance TotalNetAssetsFundBalanceGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY$214,749BOYAmt
EOY$234,972EOYAmt

Tot Liab Net Assets Fund Balance TotLiabNetAssetsFundBalanceGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY$215,261BOYAmt
EOY$234,972EOYAmt
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Reconcilation Revenue Expnss$20,223ReconcilationRevenueExpnssAmt
Method Of Accounting AccrualYes (X)MethodOfAccountingAccrualInd
Accountant Compile Or ReviewfalseAccountantCompileOrReviewInd
FS AuditedfalseFSAuditedInd

Schedule A IRS990ScheduleA

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Publicly Supported Org509a2Yes (X)PubliclySupportedOrg509a2Ind

Gifts Grants Contris Rcvd509 GiftsGrantsContrisRcvd509Grp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Current Tax Year Minus4 Years$206,414CurrentTaxYearMinus4YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus3 Years$188,153CurrentTaxYearMinus3YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus2 Years$280,908CurrentTaxYearMinus2YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus1 Year$445,047CurrentTaxYearMinus1YearAmt
Current Tax Year$356,552CurrentTaxYearAmt
Total$1,477,074TotalAmt

Gross Receipts Admissions GrossReceiptsAdmissionsGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Current Tax Year Minus4 Years$2,602CurrentTaxYearMinus4YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus3 Years$45,800CurrentTaxYearMinus3YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus2 Years$8,869CurrentTaxYearMinus2YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus1 Year$2,901CurrentTaxYearMinus1YearAmt
Total$60,172TotalAmt

Total509 Total509Grp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Current Tax Year Minus4 Years$209,016CurrentTaxYearMinus4YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus3 Years$233,953CurrentTaxYearMinus3YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus2 Years$289,777CurrentTaxYearMinus2YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus1 Year$447,948CurrentTaxYearMinus1YearAmt
Current Tax Year$356,552CurrentTaxYearAmt
Total$1,537,246TotalAmt
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Public Support Total509$1,537,246PublicSupportTotal509Amt

Total Support Calendar Year TotalSupportCalendarYearGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Current Tax Year Minus4 Years$209,016CurrentTaxYearMinus4YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus3 Years$233,953CurrentTaxYearMinus3YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus2 Years$289,777CurrentTaxYearMinus2YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus1 Year$447,948CurrentTaxYearMinus1YearAmt
Current Tax Year$356,552CurrentTaxYearAmt
Total$1,537,246TotalAmt
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Public Support CY5091.00000PublicSupportCY509Pct
Public Support PY5091.00000PublicSupportPY509Pct
Investment Income CY0.00000InvestmentIncomeCYPct
Investment Income PY0.00000InvestmentIncomePYPct
Thirty Thr Pct Suprt Tests CY509Yes (X)ThirtyThrPctSuprtTestsCY509Ind

Schedule D IRS990ScheduleD

Equipment EquipmentGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Other Cost Or Other Basis$747OtherCostOrOtherBasisAmt
Depreciation$448DepreciationAmt
Book Value$299BookValueAmt
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total Book Value Land Buildings$299TotalBookValueLandBuildingsAmt

Schedule F IRS990ScheduleF

Grants To Org Outside US GrantsToOrgOutsideUSGrp (7 entries)

Purpose Of GrantPurposeOfGrantTxtCash GrantCashGrantAmtManner Of Cash DisbursementMannerOfCashDisbursementTxt
SAME AS MISSION$14,000WIRE
SAME AS MISSION$84,038WIRE
SAME AS MISSION$55,802WIRE
SAME AS MISSION$150,959WIRE
SAME AS MISSION$5,068WIRE
SAME AS MISSION$33,049WIRE
SAME AS MISSION$10,131WIRE
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Transfer To Foreign CorpfalseTransferToForeignCorpInd
Interest In Foreign TrustfalseInterestInForeignTrustInd
Foreign Corp OwnershipfalseForeignCorpOwnershipInd
Passive Foreign Investmest CofalsePassiveForeignInvestmestCoInd
Foreign PartnershipfalseForeignPartnershipInd
Boycott CountriesfalseBoycottCountriesInd

Schedule O IRS990ScheduleO

Supplemental Information Detail SupplementalInformationDetail (2 entries)

Form And Line ReferenceFormAndLineReferenceDescExplanationExplanationTxt
FORM 990, PAGE 6, PART VI, LINE 11BBOARD REVIEW
FORM 990, PAGE 6, PART VI, LINE 19NO DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC

Comments

Anonymous: no account or email. Up to 2,000 characters, at most one link. Comments are checked automatically; some wait for review.