BAMS FEST INC: Form 990, tax year 2023

View the entire original 990 at ProPublica ↗

Organization
BAMS FEST INC (EIN 81-2970737)
Tax period
2023-01-01 to 2023-12-31
Filed
2024-11-15
IRS object ID
202413209349323736
Schema version
2023v5.1
Source
Download XML · Original 990 at ProPublica

Every field in the e-filed return. Faint text is the IRS element name, for citing.

Return header ReturnHeader

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Return2024-11-15T17:40:48-06:00ReturnTs
Tax Period End2023-12-31TaxPeriodEndDt

Preparer Firm PreparerFirmGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Preparer Firm EIN823312523PreparerFirmEIN

Preparer Firm Name PreparerFirmName

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Business Name Line1COOMBS CPA PCBusinessNameLine1Txt

Preparer US Address PreparerUSAddress

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Address Line1902 BERGEN STREETAddressLine1Txt
CityNEWARKCityNm
State AbbreviationNJStateAbbreviationCd
ZIP07112ZIPCd
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Return Type990ReturnTypeCd
Tax Period Begin2023-01-01TaxPeriodBeginDt

Filer Filer

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
EIN812970737EIN

Business Name BusinessName

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Business Name Line1BAMS FEST INCBusinessNameLine1Txt
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Business Name ControlBAMSBusinessNameControlTxt
Phone8572079319PhoneNum

US Address USAddress

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Address Line11452 DORCHESTER AVENUE 4TH FLOORAddressLine1Txt
CityDORCHESTERCityNm
State AbbreviationMAStateAbbreviationCd
ZIP02122ZIPCd

Business Officer BusinessOfficerGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
PersonCATHERINE MORRISPersonNm
Person TitleEXECUTIVE DIRECTORPersonTitleTxt
Phone8572079319PhoneNum
Signature2024-11-14SignatureDt
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
IRS Responsible Prty Info CurrYes (1)IRSResponsiblePrtyInfoCurrInd

Preparer Person PreparerPersonGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Preparer PersonANDREW COOMBSPreparerPersonNm
PTINP01600099PTIN
Phone9738499119PhoneNum
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Tax2023TaxYr
Build TS2024-10-15 13:58:12ZBuildTS

Form 990 IRS990

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Principal OfficerCATHERINE MORRISPrincipalOfficerNm

US Address USAddress

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Address Line11452 DORCHESTER AVENUE 4TH FLOORAddressLine1Txt
CityDORCHESTERCityNm
State AbbreviationMAStateAbbreviationCd
ZIP02122ZIPCd
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Gross Receipts$875,184GrossReceiptsAmt
Group Return For Affiliates0GroupReturnForAffiliatesInd
Organization501c3Yes (X)Organization501c3Ind
Type Of Organization CorpYes (X)TypeOfOrganizationCorpInd
Formation2016FormationYr
Legal Domicile StateMALegalDomicileStateCd
Activity Or MissionOUR MISSION IS TO PROVIDE A HIGH QUALITY, VALUE BASED, ANNUAL ARTS AND COMMUNITY FESTIVAL, WHICH STRIVES TO BREAK DOWN RACIAL AND SOCIAL BARRIERS TO ARTS AND CULTURE EQUITYActivityOrMissionDesc
Voting Members Governing Body10VotingMembersGoverningBodyCnt
Voting Members Independent9VotingMembersIndependentCnt
Total Employee0TotalEmployeeCnt
Total Gross UBI$0TotalGrossUBIAmt
PY Contributions Grants$598,386PYContributionsGrantsAmt
CY Contributions Grants$875,184CYContributionsGrantsAmt
CY Program Service Revenue$0CYProgramServiceRevenueAmt
CY Investment Income$0CYInvestmentIncomeAmt
CY Other Revenue$0CYOtherRevenueAmt
PY Total Revenue$598,386PYTotalRevenueAmt
CY Total Revenue$875,184CYTotalRevenueAmt
CY Grants And Similar Paid$0CYGrantsAndSimilarPaidAmt
CY Benefits Paid To Members$0CYBenefitsPaidToMembersAmt
PY Salaries Comp Emp Bnft Paid$268,892PYSalariesCompEmpBnftPaidAmt
CY Salaries Comp Emp Bnft Paid$343,582CYSalariesCompEmpBnftPaidAmt
CY Total Prof Fndrsng Expns$0CYTotalProfFndrsngExpnsAmt
CY Total Fundraising Expense$34,249CYTotalFundraisingExpenseAmt
PY Other Expenses$528,079PYOtherExpensesAmt
CY Other Expenses$615,998CYOtherExpensesAmt
PY Total Expenses$796,971PYTotalExpensesAmt
CY Total Expenses$959,580CYTotalExpensesAmt
PY Revenues Less Expenses-$198,585PYRevenuesLessExpensesAmt
CY Revenues Less Expenses-$84,396CYRevenuesLessExpensesAmt
Total Assets BOY$172,540TotalAssetsBOYAmt
Total Assets EOY$306,144TotalAssetsEOYAmt
Total Liabilities EOY$0TotalLiabilitiesEOYAmt
Net Assets Or Fund Balances BOY$172,540NetAssetsOrFundBalancesBOYAmt
Net Assets Or Fund Balances EOY$306,144NetAssetsOrFundBalancesEOYAmt
MissionOUR NBSP;MISSION NBSP;IS NBSP;TO NBSP;PROVIDE NBSP;A NBSP;HIGH NBSP;QUALITY NBSP;VALUE NBSP;BASED NBSP;ANNUAL NBSP;ARTS NBSP;AND NBSP;COMMUNITY NBSP;FESTIVAL NBSP;WHICH NBSP;STRIVES NBSP;TO NBSP;BREAK NBSP;DOWN NBSP;RACIAL NBSP;AND NBSP;SOCIAL NBSP;BARRIERS NBSP;TO NBSP;ARTS NBSP;AND NBSP;CULTURE NBSP;EQUITYMissionDesc
Significant New Program Srvc0SignificantNewProgramSrvcInd
Significant Change0SignificantChangeInd
DescBAMS FEST - BAMS FEST IS A CULTURAL MOVEMENT LED BY GREATER BOSTON BLACK AND BROWN ARTISTS, CULTURE MAKERS AND CREATIVE ENTREPRENEURS WHO ARE ON THE FRONT LINES OF RACIAL EQUITY, SPATIAL JUSTICE, AND ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT.Desc
Described In Section501c3Yes (1)DescribedInSection501c3Ind
Schedule B RequiredYes (1)ScheduleBRequiredInd
Political Campaign Acty0PoliticalCampaignActyInd
Lobbying Activities0LobbyingActivitiesInd
Subject To Proxy Tax0SubjectToProxyTaxInd
Donor Advised Fund0DonorAdvisedFundInd
Conservation Easements0ConservationEasementsInd
Collections Of Art0CollectionsOfArtInd
Credit Counseling0CreditCounselingInd
Donor Rstr Or Quasi Endowments0DonorRstrOrQuasiEndowmentsInd
Report Land Building Equipment0ReportLandBuildingEquipmentInd
Report Investments Other Sec0ReportInvestmentsOtherSecInd
Report Program Related Invst0ReportProgramRelatedInvstInd
Report Other Assets0ReportOtherAssetsInd
Report Other Liabilities0ReportOtherLiabilitiesInd
Include FIN48 Footnote0IncludeFIN48FootnoteInd
Independent Audit Fincl Stmt0IndependentAuditFinclStmtInd
Consolidated Audit Fincl Stmt0ConsolidatedAuditFinclStmtInd
School Operating0SchoolOperatingInd
Foreign Office0ForeignOfficeInd
Foreign Activities0ForeignActivitiesInd
More Than5000 K To Org0MoreThan5000KToOrgInd
More Than5000 K To Individuals0MoreThan5000KToIndividualsInd
Professional Fundraising0ProfessionalFundraisingInd
Fundraising Activities0FundraisingActivitiesInd
Gaming Activities0GamingActivitiesInd
Operate Hospital0OperateHospitalInd
Grants To Organizations0GrantsToOrganizationsInd
Grants To Individuals0GrantsToIndividualsInd
Schedule J Required0ScheduleJRequiredInd
Tax Exempt Bonds0TaxExemptBondsInd
Engaged In Excess Benefit Trans0EngagedInExcessBenefitTransInd
PY Excess Benefit Trans0PYExcessBenefitTransInd
Loan Outstanding0LoanOutstandingInd
Grant To Related Person0GrantToRelatedPersonInd
Business Rln With Org Mem0BusinessRlnWithOrgMemInd
Business Rln With Fam Mem0BusinessRlnWithFamMemInd
Business Rln With35 Ctrl Ent0BusinessRlnWith35CtrlEntInd
Deductible Non Cash Contri0DeductibleNonCashContriInd
Deductible Art Contribution0DeductibleArtContributionInd
Terminate Operations0TerminateOperationsInd
Partial Liquidation0PartialLiquidationInd
Disregarded Entity0DisregardedEntityInd
Related Entity0RelatedEntityInd
Related Organization Ctrl Ent0RelatedOrganizationCtrlEntInd
Trnsfr Exmpt Non Chrtbl Rltd Org0TrnsfrExmptNonChrtblRltdOrgInd
Activities Conducted Prtshp0ActivitiesConductedPrtshpInd
Schedule O Required0ScheduleORequiredInd
IRP Document0IRPDocumentCnt
IRP Document W2 G0IRPDocumentW2GCnt
Backup Wthld ComplianceYes (1)BackupWthldComplianceInd
Employee0EmployeeCnt
Employment Tax Returns FiledYes (1)EmploymentTaxReturnsFiledInd
Unrelated Bus Incm Over Limit0UnrelatedBusIncmOverLimitInd
Foreign Financial Account0ForeignFinancialAccountInd
Foreign CountryAFForeignCountryCd
Prohibited Tax Shelter Trans0ProhibitedTaxShelterTransInd
Taxable Party Notification0TaxablePartyNotificationInd
Nondeductible Contributions0NondeductibleContributionsInd
Quid Pro Quo Contributions0QuidProQuoContributionsInd
Form8282 Property Disposed Of0Form8282PropertyDisposedOfInd
Rcv Fnds To Pay Prsnl Bnft Cntrct0RcvFndsToPayPrsnlBnftCntrctInd
Pay Premiums Prsnl Bnft Cntrct0PayPremiumsPrsnlBnftCntrctInd
Form8899 Filedind0Form8899Filedind
Form1098 C Filed0Form1098CFiledInd
Taxable Distributions0TaxableDistributionsInd
Distribution To Donor0DistributionToDonorInd
Org Filed In Lieu Of Form10410OrgFiledInLieuOfForm1041Ind
Licensed More Than One State0LicensedMoreThanOneStateInd
Indoor Tanning Services0IndoorTanningServicesInd
Subj To Tax Rmnrtn Ex Prcht Pymt0SubjToTaxRmnrtnExPrchtPymtInd
Subject To Excs Tax Net Invst Inc0SubjectToExcsTaxNetInvstIncInd
Info In Schedule O Part VIYes (X)InfoInScheduleOPartVIInd
Governing Body Voting Members10GoverningBodyVotingMembersCnt
Independent Voting Member9IndependentVotingMemberCnt
Family Or Business Rln0FamilyOrBusinessRlnInd
Delegation Of Mgmt Duties0DelegationOfMgmtDutiesInd
Change To Org Documents0ChangeToOrgDocumentsInd
Material Diversion Or Misuse0MaterialDiversionOrMisuseInd
Members Or Stockholders0MembersOrStockholdersInd
Election Of Board Members0ElectionOfBoardMembersInd
Decisions Subject To ApprovaYes (1)DecisionsSubjectToApprovaInd
Minutes Of Governing BodyYes (1)MinutesOfGoverningBodyInd
Minutes Of CommitteesYes (1)MinutesOfCommitteesInd
Officer Mailing Address0OfficerMailingAddressInd
Local Chapters0LocalChaptersInd
Form990 Provided To Gvrn BodyYes (1)Form990ProvidedToGvrnBodyInd
Conflict Of Interest Policy0ConflictOfInterestPolicyInd
Whistleblower PolicyYes (1)WhistleblowerPolicyInd
Document Retention PolicyYes (1)DocumentRetentionPolicyInd
Compensation Process CEO0CompensationProcessCEOInd
Compensation Process Other0CompensationProcessOtherInd
Investment In Joint Venture0InvestmentInJointVentureInd
Upon RequestYes (X)UponRequestInd

Books In Care Of Detail BooksInCareOfDetail

Business Name BusinessName

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Business Name Line1CATHERINE MORRISBusinessNameLine1Txt
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Phone8572079319PhoneNum

US Address USAddress

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Address Line11452 DORCHESTER AVENUE 4TH FLOORAddressLine1Txt
CityDORCHESTERCityNm
State AbbreviationMAStateAbbreviationCd
ZIP02122ZIPCd

Form990 Part VII Section A Form990PartVIISectionAGrp (12 entries)

TitleTitleTxtAverage Hours Per WeekAverageHoursPerWeekRtIndividual Trustee Or DirectorIndividualTrusteeOrDirectorIndReportable Comp From OrgReportableCompFromOrgAmtReportable Comp From Rltd OrgReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmtOther CompensationOtherCompensationAmt
AMY CARLETON
DIRECTOR005.00Yes (X)$0$0$0
GREGORY BALL
DIRECTOR005.00Yes (X)$0$0$0
TODD DAHN
DIRECTOR005.00Yes (X)$0$0$0
REGINAULD WILLIAMS
BOARD CHAIRMAN005.00Yes (X)$0$0$0
MARQUISA GAINES
TREASURER005.00Yes (X)$0$0$0
CATHERINE T MORRIS
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR008.00Yes (X)$0$0$0
BETSY MORRIS
SECRETARY AND CO CHAIR005.00Yes (X)$0$0$0
NEWTON JOHNSON
DIRECTOR005.00Yes (X)$0$0$0
FELICIA OKONKWO
DIRECTOR005.00Yes (X)$0$0$0
DOMINGA MARTIN
DIRECTOR005.00Yes (X)$0$0$0
ANDREW COOMBS
DIRECTOR$0$0$0
ANDREW COOMBS
DIRECTOR$0$0$0
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Former Ofcr Employees Listed0FormerOfcrEmployeesListedInd
Total Comp Greater Than150 K0TotalCompGreaterThan150KInd
Compensation From Other Srcs0CompensationFromOtherSrcsInd
All Other Contributions$875,184AllOtherContributionsAmt
Total Contributions$875,184TotalContributionsAmt

Total Revenue TotalRevenueGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total Revenue Column$875,184TotalRevenueColumnAmt
Related Or Exempt Func Income$0RelatedOrExemptFuncIncomeAmt
Unrelated Business Revenue$0UnrelatedBusinessRevenueAmt
Exclusion$0ExclusionAmt

Comp Current Ofcr Directors CompCurrentOfcrDirectorsGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$335,231TotalAmt
Program Services$234,662ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General$67,046ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising$33,523FundraisingAmt

Payroll Taxes PayrollTaxesGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$8,351TotalAmt
Program Services$5,846ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General$2,505ManagementAndGeneralAmt

Fees For Services Management FeesForServicesManagementGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$54,889TotalAmt
Program Services$54,889ProgramServicesAmt

Fees For Services Legal FeesForServicesLegalGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$18,450TotalAmt
Program Services$12,915ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General$5,535ManagementAndGeneralAmt

Advertising AdvertisingGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$7,258TotalAmt
Program Services$5,080ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General$1,452ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising$726FundraisingAmt

Office Expenses OfficeExpensesGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$81,686TotalAmt
Program Services$30,696ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General$50,990ManagementAndGeneralAmt

Travel TravelGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$12,997TotalAmt
Program Services$12,431ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General$566ManagementAndGeneralAmt

Insurance InsuranceGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$8,941TotalAmt
Management And General$8,941ManagementAndGeneralAmt

Other Expenses OtherExpensesGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
DescPROGRAM EXPENSESDesc
Total$431,777TotalAmt
Program Services$431,777ProgramServicesAmt

Total Functional Expenses TotalFunctionalExpensesGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total$959,580TotalAmt
Program Services$788,296ProgramServicesAmt
Management And General$137,035ManagementAndGeneralAmt
Fundraising$34,249FundraisingAmt

Cash Non Interest Bearing CashNonInterestBearingGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY$172,540BOYAmt
EOY$306,144EOYAmt

Total Assets TotalAssetsGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY$172,540BOYAmt
EOY$306,144EOYAmt

Total Liabilities TotalLiabilitiesGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY$0BOYAmt
EOY$0EOYAmt

No Donor Restriction Net Assets NoDonorRestrictionNetAssetsGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY$0BOYAmt
EOY$0EOYAmt

Donor Restriction Net Assets DonorRestrictionNetAssetsGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY$0BOYAmt
EOY$0EOYAmt
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Org Does Not Follow FASB117Yes (X)OrgDoesNotFollowFASB117Ind

Cap Stk Tr Prin Current Funds CapStkTrPrinCurrentFundsGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY$0BOYAmt
EOY$0EOYAmt

Pd In Cap Srpls Land Bldg Eqp Fund PdInCapSrplsLandBldgEqpFundGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY$0BOYAmt
EOY$0EOYAmt

Rtn Earn Endowment Incm Oth Fnds RtnEarnEndowmentIncmOthFndsGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY$172,540BOYAmt
EOY$306,144EOYAmt

Total Net Assets Fund Balance TotalNetAssetsFundBalanceGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY$172,540BOYAmt
EOY$306,144EOYAmt

Tot Liab Net Assets Fund Balance TotLiabNetAssetsFundBalanceGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY$172,540BOYAmt
EOY$306,144EOYAmt
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Reconcilation Revenue Expnss-$84,396ReconcilationRevenueExpnssAmt
Info In Schedule O Part XIIYes (X)InfoInScheduleOPartXIIInd
Method Of Accounting AccrualYes (X)MethodOfAccountingAccrualInd
Accountant Compile Or ReviewYes (1)AccountantCompileOrReviewInd

Acct Compile Or Review Basis AcctCompileOrReviewBasisGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Consol And Sep Basis Fincl StmtYes (X)ConsolAndSepBasisFinclStmtInd
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
FS Audited0FSAuditedInd

FS Audited Basis FSAuditedBasisGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Consol And Sep Basis Fincl StmtYes (X)ConsolAndSepBasisFinclStmtInd
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Federal Grant Audit Required0FederalGrantAuditRequiredInd

Schedule A IRS990ScheduleA

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Publicly Supported Org509a2Yes (X)PubliclySupportedOrg509a2Ind

Gifts Grants Contris Rcvd509 GiftsGrantsContrisRcvd509Grp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Current Tax Year Minus4 Years$124,876CurrentTaxYearMinus4YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus3 Years$368,116CurrentTaxYearMinus3YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus2 Years$333,147CurrentTaxYearMinus2YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus1 Year$598,386CurrentTaxYearMinus1YearAmt
Current Tax Year$875,184CurrentTaxYearAmt
Total$2,299,709TotalAmt

Gross Receipts Non Unrlt Bus GrossReceiptsNonUnrltBusGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Current Tax Year Minus4 Years$76,273CurrentTaxYearMinus4YearsAmt
Total$76,273TotalAmt

Total509 Total509Grp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Current Tax Year Minus4 Years$201,149CurrentTaxYearMinus4YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus3 Years$368,116CurrentTaxYearMinus3YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus2 Years$333,147CurrentTaxYearMinus2YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus1 Year$598,386CurrentTaxYearMinus1YearAmt
Current Tax Year$875,184CurrentTaxYearAmt
Total$2,375,982TotalAmt
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Public Support Total509$2,375,982PublicSupportTotal509Amt

Total Support Calendar Year TotalSupportCalendarYearGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Current Tax Year Minus4 Years$201,149CurrentTaxYearMinus4YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus3 Years$368,116CurrentTaxYearMinus3YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus2 Years$333,147CurrentTaxYearMinus2YearsAmt
Current Tax Year Minus1 Year$598,386CurrentTaxYearMinus1YearAmt
Current Tax Year$875,184CurrentTaxYearAmt
Total$2,375,982TotalAmt
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Public Support CY5091.00000PublicSupportCY509Pct
Public Support PY5090.00000PublicSupportPY509Pct
Investment Income CY0.00000InvestmentIncomeCYPct
Investment Income PY0.00000InvestmentIncomePYPct

Distributable Amount DistributableAmountGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
CY Adj Net Income Distributable$0CYAdjNetIncomeDistributableAmt
CY Pct85 Adjusted Net Income$0CYPct85AdjustedNetIncomeAmt
CY Total Min Ast Distributable$0CYTotalMinAstDistributableAmt
CY Greater Adjusted Minimum$0CYGreaterAdjustedMinimumAmt
CY Income Tax Imposed PY$0CYIncomeTaxImposedPYAmt
CY Distributable As Adjusted$0CYDistributableAsAdjustedAmt

Schedule B IRS990ScheduleB

Contributor Information ContributorInformationGrp

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
ContributorRESTRICTEDContributorNum

Contributor Business Name ContributorBusinessName

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Business Name Line1RESTRICTEDBusinessNameLine1

Contributor US Address ContributorUSAddress

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Address Line1RESTRICTEDAddressLine1
Address Line2RESTRICTEDAddressLine2
CityRESTRICTEDCity
StateRESTRICTEDState
ZIP CodeRESTRICTEDZIPCode
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total ContributionsRESTRICTEDTotalContributionsAmt

Schedule O IRS990ScheduleO

Supplemental Information Detail SupplementalInformationDetail (2 entries)

Form And Line ReferenceFormAndLineReferenceDescExplanationExplanationTxt
PART VI, SECTION A, LINE 7BTHE BOARD INTENTIONALLY APPROVED THIS.
OTHERMISSION STATEMENT - BAMS FEST IS A CULTURAL MOVEMENT LED BY GREATER BOSTON BLACK AND BROWN ARTISTS, CULTURE MAKERS AND CREATIVE ENTREPRENEURS WHO ARE ON THE FRONT LINES OF RACIAL EQUITY, SPATIAL JUSTICE, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.

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