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GENERATING AND APPLYING KNOWLEDGE, THROUGH FORMAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS AS WELL AS TRAINING, COMMUNICATION, AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT IS THE COMMON THREAD IN ALL OUR WORK. AED IMPLEMENTS MORE THAN 300 PROGRAMS SERVING PEOPLE IN THE U.S. AND MORE THAN 150 COUNTRIES. THIS MISSION ENDED JUNE 30, 2011. false false 70632992 6368791 THE AED SOCIAL CHANGE GROUP WORKS TO INCREASE THE EFFECTIVE PARTICIPATION OF PEOPLE IN SOCIAL CHANGE PROGRAMS, WITH AN EMPHASIS ON HEALTH, HIV/AIDS, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, ENVIRONMENT, AGRICULTURE, AND CIVIL SOCIETY AND GOVERNANCE. WORKING IN THE UNITED STATES AND AROUND THE WORLD, THE GROUP PROVIDES EXPERTISE IN INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL MARKETING AND COMMUNICATIONS FOR BEHAVIOR CHANGE, COMMUNITY ORGANIZING, PROMOTING ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT AND MICROFINANCE PROGRAMS, AND STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS. 53902508 9789900 THE AED GLOBAL LEARNING GROUP IMPROVES ACCESS TO QUALITY EDUCATION FOR ALL AND EXTENDS LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES THROUGH THE EFFECTIVE USE OF TECHNOLOGY IN MORE THAN 30 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. IN PARTNERSHIP WITH POLICYMAKERS, FACULTY, AND EDUCATORS AT NATIONAL AND LOCAL LEVELS, AS WELL AS IN SCHOOLS AND COMMUNITIES, AED'S PROGRAMS FOCUS ON LEARNERS AND LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS, HELP COUNTRIES LINK SCHOOL AND MEANINGFUL WORK, AND INTEGRATE TECHNOLOGY INTO EDUCATION STRATEGIES. PROMOTING GENDER AND EQUITY PERSPECTIVES, IS A FOCAL POINT OF OUR WORK. SUPPORTS EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP FOR CHANGE BY DEVELOPING INDIVIDUAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPABILITIES SUPPORTING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT, FOSTERING COLLABORATION AND THE EXCHANGE OF IDEAS, AND PROMOTING SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY. 31120822 23820 THE AED GLOBAL HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION GROUP FOCUSES ON STRENGTHENING INDIVIDUAL, COMMUNITY, AND INSTITUTIONAL ACTIONS TO ENSURE THE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS. ACTIVITIES INCLUDE POLICY DIALOGUE, PARTNERSHIPS WITH THE COMMERCIAL SECTOR, BEHAVIOR CHANGE STRATEGIES AND LOCAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT. 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ACCORDINGLY, AED UTILIZES A VARIETY OF TOOLS TO ENSURE THAT PROGRAMS ARE IMPLEMENTED AT THE HIGHEST POSSIBLE STANDARD AND FUNDS ARE SPENT ACCORDING TO APPLICABLE DONOR REGULATIONS AND SOUND FINANCIAL PRACTICES. THESE TOOLS INCLUDE, BUT ARE NOT LIMITED BY THE FOLLOWING: 1. TECHNICAL SITE VISITS TO GRANTEE OFFICES 2. ATTENDANCE AT GRANTEE FUNDED EVENTS TO MEASURE SUCCESS 3. APPROVAL AND COLLABORATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GRANTEE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS 4. APPROVAL AND COLLABORATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GRANTEE MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLANS 5. FINANCIAL AUDITS 6. FINANCIAL SITE VISITS TO REVIEW GRANTEE INTERNAL CONTROLS, REPORTING TOOLS AND REVIEW OF GRANTEE FINANCIAL INFORMATION 7. REGULAR TECHNICAL AND FINANCIAL REPORTING 8. REVIEW OF PROCUREMENT DOCUMENTS 9. REGULAR REVIEW OF GRANTEE BUDGETS VERSUS ACTUAL EXPENDITURES. AED VIEWS EACH OF THE ABOVE AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO COLLABORATE WITH ITS PARTNERS AND PROVIDE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE. MOST GRANTS ARE INITIALLY FUNDED FOR A RELATIVE SHORT PERIOD, I.E. ONE YEAR OR LESS. PRIOR TO GRANT EXTENSION, AED CONDUCTS A THOROUGH ANALYSIS OF THE GRANTEE'S PERFORMANCE AND COMPLIANCE WITH THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THE AWARD AND ITS ABILITY TO ENSURE FINANCIAL INTEGRITY. EXTENSION IS BASED ON POSITIVE OUTCOMES AS DOCUMENTED IN THE GRANTEE REPORTING. AED EFFECTIVELY CEASED OPERATIONS AFTER THE ASSET SALE ON JUNE 30, 2011. 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IF THERE ARE FINDINGS, AED ASKED THAT THE GRANTEE EXPLAIN IN WRITING HOW THEY INTEND TO CORRECT THE FINDINGS. IN ADDITION, AED REQUIRES A REPORT FROM THE GRANTEE DETAILING HOW THE MONIES HAVE BEEN SPENT. AED PROGRAM STAFF REVIEW THE REPORT AND FOLLOW UP IF THERE ARE PROBLEMS. AED'S CONTRACT STAFF REVIEWS ALL GRANTS OVER $25,000 TO BE SURE THAT IT IS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE PROGRAM AND THE GRANTEE HAS THE WHEREWITHAL TO PERFORM THE SERVICES FOR WHICH THE GRANT WAS GIVEN. AED EFFECTIVELY CEASED OPERATIONS ON JUNE 30, 2011. AFTER THE ASSET SALE, ANY MONITORING WAS BY FHI-360. 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THE EMPLOYEES RECEIVING A HOUSING ALLOWANCE IN 2011 ARE: ALAN PIEPER $ 16,287 Transaction with FHI 2011-06-30 31410549 arm's length negotiation 237413005 Family Health International PO Box 13950 Research Triangle Park NC 27709 501(c)(3) false true false false SETTLEMENT WITH US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE AND SALE OF SUBSTANTIALLY ALL OF THE ASSETS, PROGRAMS AND LIABILITIES OF AED ON DECEMBER 8, 2010, THE UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (USAID) SUSPENDED AED FROM RECEIVING NEW FEDERAL CONTRACTS, GRANTS AND COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS. THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT CONTENDS THAT AED FAILED TO PROPERLY CONTROL CERTAIN OF ITS EMPLOYEES, SUB-CONTRACTORS AND PROGRAMS, CAUSING THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT TO BE OVERCHARGED FOR CERTAIN BILLINGS FOR PROJECT WORK IN PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN. FOLLOWING DECEMBER 8, 2010, USAID REFUSED TO LIFT AED'S SUSPENSION. ON MARCH 3, 2011, AED'S BOARD OF DIRECTORS ANNOUNCED THAT THE ORGANIZATION WOULD PURSUE A PROCESS TO TRANSFER ITS PROGRAMS AND ASSETS TO ANOTHER ORGANIZATION, WITH A PREFERENCE FOR A SINGLE ACQUIRER. THE BOARD DIRECTED MANAGEMENT TO IDENTIFY A SINGLE ORGANIZATION THAT BELIEVED IN AED'S MISSION, HELD SIMILAR VALUES TO AED, HAD THE FINANCIAL CAPACITY TO ACQUIRE ALL, OR SUBSTANTIALLY ALL, OF AED'S ASSETS AS TO ENSURE PROGRAM INTEGRITY AND CONTINUITY, AND HAD THE RESOURCES TO ACCOMPLISH A TRANSACTION BY JUNE 1, 2011. IT WAS FURTHER DETERMINED THAT IN LIGHT OF THE ABSENCE OF SIMILAR TRANSACTIONS, THE MOST ADVISABLE WAY TO ENSURE THE TRANSACTION OCCURRED AT A FAIR PRICE WAS THROUGH A PRIVATE AUCTION PROCESS. AFTER ENTERTAINING OFFERS FROM A NUMBER OF BIDDERS, AND AN EXTENSIVE REVIEW AND EXPLORATION PROCESS, AED'S BOARD OF DIRECTORS, THROUGH A SPECIAL COMMITTEE, AND BASED ON THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF SENIOR MANAGEMENT, AGREED THAT THE OFFER FROM FAMILY HEALTH INTERNATIONAL ("FHI") WAS THE STRONGEST ON WHICH TO MOVE FORWARD. ON JUNE 6, 2011, AED AND FHI DEVELOPMENT 360 LLC (A WHOLLY OWNED SUBSIDIARY OF FHI) ENTERED INTO AN ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT, AND THE PLANNED TRANSACTION WAS ANNOUNCED ON JUNE 8, 2011, BY ALBERT J. SIEMENS, PHD, FHI CHAIR AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER, AND GREGORY R. NIBLETT, AED PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER. AED AND FHI CLOSED THE TRANSACTION ON JUNE 30, 2011. TO AVOID THE DELAY, UNCERTAINTY, AND EXPENSE OF PROTRACTED LITIGATION OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT'S CLAIMS, AED ENTERED INTO A SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT WITH THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THAT AGREEMENT: 1) ON JUNE 30, 2011 AED PAID THE US GOVERNMENT A SUBSTANTIAL SUM OF MONEY. 2) AED WILL PAY ADDITIONAL AMOUNTS TO THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT OVER THE NEXT SEVERAL YEARS AFTER IT HAS PAID OR MADE APPROPRIATE PROVISION FOR THE ORDERLY LIQUIDATION OF ITS REMAINING LIABILITIES AND OBLIGATIONS. 3) ON JUNE 30, 2011, AED CEASED ALL PROGRAM OPERATIONS INCLUDING BILLING AND ACCEPTING DONATIONS. UNDER THE TRANSITION SERVICES AGREEMENT, AED WILL CONTINUE TO OPERATE PROGRAMS OVERSEAS IN NAME ONLY WHERE FHI OWNS THE ASSETS AND OVERSEES ALL STAFF AND PROGRAM ACTIVITIES UNTIL SUCH TIME THAT THE PROGRAMS ARE ABLE TO OPERATE UNDER FHI'S IN-COUNTRY REGISTRATION. FHI CURRENTLY IS IN THE PROCESS OF COMPLETING LOCAL REGISTRATIONS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. 4) AED HAS VARIOUS RESTRICTIONS AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS OVER THE NEXT SEVERAL YEARS. VIOLATION OF ANY OF THOSE REQUIREMENTS COULD VOID THE SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT AND REINSTATE THE GOVERNMENT'S CLAIMS. AED DOES NOT ADMIT, CONCEDE, OR AGREE WITH EITHER THE GENERAL OR SPECIFIC CONTENTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES OR THE LEGAL THEORIES UPON WHICH THE UNITED STATES HAS SOUGHT TO BASE MANY OF ITS CLAIMS. Schedule N, Part II, Line 2b As part of the transactions described above, several former officers and key employees of AED resigned from AED and became part of the senior leadership team of FHI. OTHER PROGRAM SERVICES FORM 990, PART III, LINE 4D THE AED U.S. EDUCATION AND WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT GROUP WORKS IN SEVEN CORE CONTENT AND SERVICE AREAS: EARLY CHILDHOOD; DISABILITIES; MIDDLE GRADES; HIGH SCHOOL AND YOUTH ENGAGEMENT; COLLEGE ACCESS AND POSTSECONDARY SUCCESS; WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT; AND RESEARCH AND EVALUATION UNTIL JUNE 30, 2011. AUDITED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND A-133 AUDIT FORM 990, PART IV, LINES 12 & 12A, AND PART XII, LINES 2B-3B THE ACADEMY FOR EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGREED WITH USAID THAT IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO COMPLETE A FINANCIAL AUDIT OR A-133 AUDIT FOR 2010 ONWARD. LIST OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES WITH FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS FORM 990, PART V, LINE 4B BARBADOS, DOMINICAN REP, EL SALVADOR, GUATEMALA, HAITI, HONDURAS, NICARAGUA, INDONESIA, LAOS, PHILIPPINES, THAILAND, VIETNAM, ALBANIA, KOSOVO, MACEDONIA, DJIBOUTI, JORDAN, MOROCCO, WEST BANK, YEMEN, ARMENIA, GEORGIA, MOLDOVA, PERU, AFGHANISTAN, BANGLADESH, INDIA, NEPAL, PAKISTAN, ANGOLA, BOTSWANA, CHAD, CONGO, EQUATOR GUINEA, ETHIOPIA, GHANA, GUINEA, KENYA, LIBERIA, MADAGASCAR, MALAWI, MALI, MOZAMBIQUE, NAMIBIA, NIGER, NIGERIA, RWANDA, SENEGAL, SOUTH AFRICA, SUDAN, TANZANIA, ZAMBIA, KAZAKHSTAN, KYRGYZSTAN, TAJIKISTAN, UKRAINE MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION A, LINES 6 AND 7 PURSUANT TO ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION, THE MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION ANNUALLY MEET, PURSUANT TO NOTICE, FOR THE ELECTION OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS. FORM 990 REVIEW FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 12C 1) AFTER AED'S FORM 990 IS REVIEWED BY KPMG, THE DRAFT WILL BE DISTRIBUTED TO THE AUDIT COMMITTEE AND THE CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD AND THE PRESIDENT/CEO, EITHER THROUGH A DIRECT MEETING, MAIL OR EMAIL, AND/OR DISCUSSED VIA CONFERENCE CALL IF NECESSARY WITH AED'S MANAGEMENT; 2) THE AUDIT COMMITTEE AND CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD WILL ACT ON BEHALF OF THE FULL BOARD AND APPROVE THE FILING OF THE RETURN; 3) ONCE THE RETURN HAS BEEN REVIEWED AND APPROVED BY THE AUDIT COMMITTEE, IT WILL BE SENT TO THE PRESIDENT FOR SIGNATURE; 4) A SIGNED COPY OF THE RETURN WILL BE DISTRIBUTED TO THE FULL BOARD. 5) THE RETURN WILL THEN BE FILED WITH THE IRS AND STATE AUTHORITIES. MONITORING AND ENFORCING COMPLIANCE WITH POLICIES FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 12C CONSISTENT WITH ITS MISSION TO INCREASE ACCESS TO LEARNING, TRANSFER SKILLS AND TECHNOLOGY, AND SUPPORT INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, AED HAS ESTABLISHED A CODE OF ETHICS POLICY FOR THE AED STAFF AND A CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY FOR THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS WHICH DEMAND THE HIGHEST PROFESSIONAL ABILITY, PERSONAL INTEGRITY, AND CULTURAL SENSITIVITY FOR AED'S STAFF AND BOARD OF DIRECTORS. THESE TWO POLICES ARE DESIGNED TO SERVE AS A SET OF ETHICAL AND LEGAL PRINCIPLES TO PROVIDE GUIDANCE REGARDING DECISIONS AND JUDGMENTS THAT AED'S STAFF AND BOARD OF DIRECTORSARE BEING ASKED TO MAKE. IT REPRESENTS THE PRINCIPLES UPON WHICH AED WAS ESTABLISHED AND THAT CONTINUE TO GOVERN ITS OPERATIONS. WHEN AN OFFICER IS HIRED, THEY ARE GIVEN THE CODE OF ETHICS POLICY WHICH THEY ARE REQUIRED TO SIGN ACKNOWLEDGING THAT THEY HAVE READ THE POLICY, UNDERSTANDITS CONTENTS AND WILL BEHAVE ACCORDING TO THE CODE. EACH YEAR AED OFFICERS ARE REQUIRED TO RECERTIFY THAT THEY HAVE READ THE CODE OF ETHICS, UNDERSTAND IT, HAVE DISCUSSED IT WITH THEIR STAFF MEMBERS, AND WILL BEHAVE ACCORDING TO THE CODE. A COPY OF THEIR CERTIFICATION IS MADEPART OF THE OFFICER'S PERSONNEL FILE AT AED' HR DEPARTMENT. WHEN A NEW BOARD MEMBER IS APPOINTED TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS, THE BOARD MEMBER IS ASKED TO SIGN A CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT. EACH YEAR, THE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER REQUEST THAT THE MEMBERS OF THE BOARD REVIEW THE CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY AND RECERTIFY THAT THERE HAS BEEN NO CHANGE IN THEIR POSITION. SINCE AED CEASED OPERATIONS ON JUNE 30, 2011, THE APPLICATION OF THIS POLICY DID NOT CONTINUE PAST THAT DATE. PROCESS FOR DETERMINING COMPENSATION FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINES 15A AND 15B EVERY YEAR THE PERFORMANCE OF THE OFFICERS IS REVIEWED BY THEIR SUPERVISOR AND SALARY RECOMMENDATIONS AND INCENTIVE PAYMENT FOR THEIR ANNUAL BASE SALARY IS MADE TO THE PRESIDENT'S OFFICE. ALL THE RECOMMENDATIONS PRESENTED ARE ANALYZED FOR PARITY AND EQUITY BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN, AND BETWEEN MINORITY AND NON-MINORITY EMPLOYEES. THE RECOMMENDATIONS AND ALL BENEFIT COMPENSATION AMOUNTS ARE THEN SUBMITTED TO AN OUTSIDE ORGANIZATION, CBIZ HUMAN CAPITAL SERVICES, WHICH PROVIDE ASSISTANCE WITH EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS REGULATIONS COMPLIANCE. THEY ASSIST AED IN MEETING THE REQUIREMENTS OF SECTION 4958 OF THE INTERNAL REVENUE CODE AND THE REGULATIONS ON INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS BY EXAMINING THE TOTAL COMPENSATION PACKAGE OF EACH OFFICER AND ISSUING A REASONABLE COMPENSATION OPINION. CBIZ ANNUALLY CONDUCTS A SURVEY ANALYSIS TO COLLECT COMPETITIVE DATA FOR SIMILAR POSITIONS IN COMPARABLE ORGANIZATIONS PAYING EMPLOYEES TO PERFORMSIMILAR FUNCTIONS. CBIZ THEN RECONCILES THE RESULTS OF THE MARKET SURVEY AND A PEER ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE FAIR MARKET VALUE RANGES FOR TOTAL COMPENSATION OF EACH OFFICER. THEIR FINDINGS ARE THEN PRESENTED INWRITING TO THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE OF AED'S BOARD OF DIRECTORS BEFORE THE NOVEMBER MEETING. MINUTES ARE KEPT OF THE DISCUSSIONS HELD BY THE COMMITTEE MEMBERS. THE MEMBERS THEN PRESENT THEIR RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE FULL BOARD OF DIRECTORS FOR RATIFICATION AND FINAL APPROVAL. ONCE THE SALARIES ARE RATIFIED, THEY BECOME EFFECTIVE ON JANUARY 1ST OF THE FOLLOWING YEAR. THIS POLICY STOPPED WITH THE ASSET SALE ON JUNE 30, 2011. SINCE THEN, THE FULL BOARD HAS REVIEWED AND APPROVED THE QUALIFICATIONS AND COMPENSATION OF 2 REMAINING OFFICERS. AVAILABILITY OF GOVERNING DOCUMENTS TO THE PUBLIC FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION C, LINES 18 AND 19 DUE TO AED'S TRANSACTION WITH FHI AND RELATED WIND DOWN OF ITS AFFAIRS, AED NO LONGER MAINTAINS A WEBSITE AND DOES NOT MAKE ANY DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC. OTHER CHANGES IN NET ASSETS FORM 990, PART XI, LINE 5 TRANSFERS TO FHI IN PREPARATION FOR LIQUIDATION ...... $(31,410,549) SEE SCHEDULE N FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION. FEDERAL AWARDS AUDITS FORM 990, PART XII, LINE 3B BECAUSE OF THE TRANSACTION BETWEEN AED AND FHI, AED DID NOT RECEIVE A FINANCIAL STATEMENT AUDIT OR A-133 AUDIT FOR 2011. SEE SCHEDULE N FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REGARDING THE FHI TRANSACTION. APPLIED RESEARCH AND TECHNICAL SERVICES 1825 CONNECTICUT AVENUE NW WASHINGTON DC 20009 SEE PART VII DE 10489078 4650792 AED AED SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL DVLPMNT FUND 1825 CONNECTICUT AVENUE NW WASHINGTON DC 20009 205891072 SEE PART VII DE 501(C)(3) 11 AED true AED-GHANA CEDEM SEE PART VII GH N/A AED false ADE-BRAZIL SEE PART VII BR N/A AED false false false false false false false false false false false false false false false false false false true AED Social and Educational Development Fund R 66564 CASH IDENTIFICATION OF RELATED TAX-EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS PRIMARY ACTIVITY SCHEDULE R, PART I THE MISSION OF APPLIED RESEARCH AND TECHNICAL SERVICES IS SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AND PROGRAMS IN THE AREAS OF EDUCATION; HEALTH, POPULATION AND NUTRITION; ENVIROMENT AND AGRICULTURE; CIVIL SOCIETY AND OTHER AREAS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT TO MEET THE NEEDS OF DISADVANTAGED POPULATIONS AND THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES AND THE AROUND THE WORLD. IDENTIFICATION OF RELATED TAX-EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS PRIMARY ACTIVITY SCHEDULE R, PART II AED SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND: SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AND PROGRAMS IN THE AREAS OF EDUCATION, HEALTH, THE ENVIRONMENT, AND OTHERAREAS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT TO MEET THE NEEDS OF DISADVANTAGE POPULATIONS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES AND THE WORLD. AED-GHANA: CEDEM: IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF TEACHING AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEARNING IN GHANA'S PRIMARY SCHOOLS. ADE-BRAZIL: IMPROVING PEOPLE'S STANDARDS OF LIVING BY ADDRESSING CRITICAL SOCIAL, EDUCATIONAL, AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NEEDS IN BRAZIL AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.