2013-08-15T18:34:49-05:00 2012-09-30 810385940 ANDERSON ZURMUEHLEN & CO PC PO BOX 20435 BILLINGS MT 591040435 990 2011-10-01 510376237 CENTRAL ASIA INSTITUTE CENT 4065857841 PO BOX 7209 BOZEMAN MT 59771 JENNIFER SIPES 4065857841 2013-08-15 1 STEFENI S FREESE CPA P00124115 4062455136 2011 2016-02-24 21:20:13Z ANNE BEYERSDORFER PO BOX 7209 BOZEMAN MT 59771 6767050 0 X WWW.IKAT.ORG X 1996 DE TO EMPOWER COMMUNITIES OF CENTRAL ASIA THROUGH LITERACY AND EDUCATION, ESPECIALLY FOR GIRLS; PROMOTE PEACE THROUGH EDUCATION; AND CONVEY THE IMPORTANCE OF THESE ACTIVITIES GLOBALLY. 9 9 12 0 0 0 15415125 4004168 863 0 251804 130720 -94098 576676 15573694 4711564 6436080 4800599 0 0 855917 679181 0 0 150302 6025687 2207683 13317684 7687463 2256010 -2975899 25736277 22748894 468953 385959 25267324 22362935 X TO EMPOWER COMMUNITIES OF CENTRAL ASIA THROUGH LITERACY AND EDUCATION, ESPECIALLY FOR GIRLS, PROMOTE PEACE THROUGH EDUCATION AND CONVEY THE IMPORTANCE OF THESE ACTIVITIES GLOBALLY. 0 0 5108088 4800599 OUR PROGRAMS INCLUDE SCHOOL BUILDING, SCHOOL SUPPORT, STUDENT SUPPORT, TEACHER SUPPORT, SCHOLARSHIPS, PUBLIC HEALTH, AND WOMENS VOCATIONAL AND LITERACY CENTERS. A DETAILED MASTER PROJECT LIST OF PROJECTS AND COMMUNITIES SERVED CAN BE FOUND ON OUR WEBSITE, WWW.IKAT.ORG, UNDER THE PROJECT TAB. IN CONJUNCTION WITH THIS MASTER PROJECT LIST, PLEASE ALSO VISIT OUR REGIONAL MAP PAGE THAT DISPLAYS A MAP OF CENTRAL ASIA WHERE PROJECTS HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED OR SUPPORTED WITH FUNDS GRANTED BY CENTRAL ASIA INSTITUTE.SCHOOL BUILDINGS: THE PROCESS UNDERTAKEN TO BUILD NEW SCHOOLS OR IMPROVE EXISTING STRUCTURES REQUIRES AN INVITATION FROM THE LOCAL COMMUNITY AND MANY MONTHS, OR SOMETIMES YEARS, OF PREPLANNING WITH VILLAGE ELDERS, TRIBAL CHIEFS, MILITARY COMMANDERS, ISLAMIC CLERICS, AND GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS INFLUENTIAL IN THE AREA. CAI IS OFTEN THE ONLY ORGANIZATION (GOVERNMENT, INTERNATIONAL, OR LOCAL) PROVIDING FUNDS TO SUPPORT LOCAL INITIATIVES IN THESE UNDERSERVED AREAS OF PAKISTAN, AFGHANISTAN AND TAJIKISTAN. EACH PROJECT INVOLVES LOCAL PEOPLE IN ALL PHASES: INITIATION, IMPLEMENTATION, AND EVALUATION. A COMMITTEE OF ELDERS AND EXPERTS GUIDE THESE PHASES TO COMPLETION, ARRANGING FOR THE COMMUNITY TO MATCH CAI PROJECT FUNDS (FOR SKILLED LABOR AND MATERIALS) WITH LOCAL RESOURCES (WOOD, LAND AND SAND, AND THE LIKE) AND SWEAT EQUITY (FREE OR SUBSIDIZED LABOR). SUCH COMMITMENT SUPPORTS THE PROJECTS VIABILITY AND LONG-TERM SUCCESS. ONCE THE SCHOOL HAS BEEN COMPLETED, FURNISHED, AND STOCKED WITH SUPPLIES, CAI REMAINS CONNECTED TO THE PEOPLE, PROVIDING FINANCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL SUPPORT UNTIL THE VILLAGE CAN SUSTAIN THE SCHOOLS COSTS ON ITS OWN.TEACHERS: ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT STEPS TO ESTABLISHING SUSTAINABLE EDUCATION OPPORTUNITIES IN A REMOTE VILLAGE IS COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND A DEDICATED LOCAL TEACHER. IN THE NORTHERN REGIONS OF PAKISTAN, THERE IS LITTLE GOVERNMENT OR OUTSIDE SUPPORT FOR TEACHERS IN THE REGIONS CAI SERVES. THE FEW TEACHERS WHO TAUGHT PRIOR TO 1993 WERE MOSTLY VOLUNTEERS. CAI HAS BEEN ABLE TO MAKE A PROFOUND DIFFERENCE SIMPLY BY PROVIDING FUNDING FOR STABLE SALARIES. DUE TO THE SIGNIFICANT PROBLEM OF FEW HIGHLY QUALIFIED TEACHERS IN THE REGION, CAIS COMMUNITY PROGRAM MANAGERS SELECT A LOCAL EDUCATED PERSON, EVEN IF THEIR EDUCATION IS LIMITED. CAI HELPS PROVIDE FUNDS FOR TEACHER TRAINING FOR THESE INDIVIDUALS ON AN AS-NEEDED BASIS. ALTHOUGH LOCAL AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS PHYSICALLY OWN COMPLETED PROJECTS, CAI STILL PROVIDES FINANCIAL SUPPORT IN MANY CASES. FUNDING THE HIRING OF A LOCAL TEACHER SUPPORTS COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT AND INVESTMENT IN THEIR CHILDRENS EDUCATION, AND THE TEACHER ALSO HAS HIS OR HER OWN COMMUNITY TIES AND PERSONAL REASONS TO STAY IN THE AREA.SCHOLARSHIPS: CAI AWARDS PRIMARY, SECONDARY, AND ADVANCED EDUCATION SCHOLARSHIPS. WHEN STUDENTS GRADUATE FROM THEIR VILLAGE PRIMARY SCHOOLS, IN SOME INSTANCES, THEY ARE LEFT WITH NO FURTHER STRUCTURED EDUCATION. STUDENTS, ESPECIALLY GIRLS, WHO ARE INTERESTED IN ADVANCING THEIR STUDIES IN A LARGER TOWN, BUT ARE FINANCIALLY INCAPABLE OF DOING SO, CAN APPLY TO COMMUNITY PROGRAM MANAGERS FOR A SCHOLARSHIP. SCHOLARSHIPS INCLUDE ROOM, BOARD, TUITION, SCHOOL SUPPLIES, TEXTBOOKS, UNIFORMS, AND PAID TRAVEL TO AND FROM SCHOOL. THE ADVANCED EDUCATION SCHOLARSHIPS SUPPORT MANY AREAS OF TRAINING, INCLUDING TEACHER, HEALTHCARE, ANIMAL HUSBANDRY, LAW, COMMUNICATIONS, AND OTHERS.PUBLIC HEALTH: IN CONJUNCTION WITH EDUCATION PROJECTS, CAI PROVIDES FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR RESOURCES THAT ARE DEVOTED TO CRITICAL NEEDS, INCLUDING PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY. WE DO THIS BY FUNDING CLEAN WATER PROJECTS, HEALTHCARE PROGRAMS, AND DISASTER RELIEF.WATER PROJECTS: IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, ONE OF THE MAIN CAUSES OF DEATH IN CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS OF AGE IS THE BASIC LACK OF CLEAN WATER. THE CHILDREN THAT DO SURVIVE THE ILL EFFECTS OF WATERBORNE DISEASES OFTEN SUFFER FROM STUNTED GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. WE PROVIDE FUNDING FOR CLEAN DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION PROJECTS WHICH HAVE PROFOUND BENEFITS FOR COMMUNITIES, FAMILIES, AND CHILDREN. HEALTHCARE PROGRAMS: CAI PROVIDES FUNDS FOR HEALTHCARE TRAINING, SUPPLIES, AND SUPPORT FOR WOMEN THROUGH INFIRMARIES, DISPENSARIES, AND OCCASIONAL HEALTHCARE CLINICS.DISASTER RELIEF: ALTHOUGH IT IS NOT A PRIORITY, CAI HAS HELPED PROVIDE EDUCATIONAL SUPPORT AFTER DISASTERS HIT PARTS OF PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN. PAKISTANS OCTOBER 2005 DEVASTATING EARTHQUAKE,THE AUGUST 2010 FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES, AND AFGHANISTANS OCTOBER 2012 WINTER AVALANCHE DISASTER LEFT THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE WITHOUT FOOD, SHELTER, AND SCHOOLS. THE GOVERNMENTS OF PAKISTAN AND AFGANISTAN, UN AGENCIES AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS PROVIDE IMMEDIATE NEEDS SUCH AS WATER AND SANITATION, NUTRITION, CHILD PROTECTION AND EDUCATION TO ASSIST WITH THE DISASTER RELIEF, AND THEN CAI WILL HELP PROVIDE FUNDS AND SIGNIFICANT SUPPORT TO SET UP TENT SCHOOLS, REBUILD SCHOOLS, AND PROVIDE EDUCATION OPPORTUNITIES TO THE COMMUNITIES AFFECTED.WOMENS VOCATIONAL CENTERS & LITERACY CENTERS: EMPOWERING WOMEN IN REMOTE VILLAGES IS AN IMPORTANT GOAL OF CAIS WORK. OVER THE YEARS, CAI HAS FUNDED AND SUPPORTED NUMEROUS WOMENS VOCATIONAL CENTERS THAT PROVIDE SKILLS TRAINING, EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS. WOMEN CAN BE INDEPENDENTLY EARNING INCOME FROM THE SALE OF HANDICRAFTS AND CLOTHING TO HELP SUPPORT THEIR FAMILIES, WHICH STIMULATES THE LOCAL ECONOMY AND EMPOWERS WOMEN IN A SOCIETY WHERE THEIR OPPORTUNITIES ARE LIMITED. CAI HAS ALSO FOUND THAT, IN ADDITION TO BUILDING BASIC SKILLS AND LITERACY, THE CENTERS BECOME IMPORTANT PLACES FOR WOMEN TO COME TOGETHER IN THEIR COMMUNITIES, SHARE CONCERNS, AND SOLVE PROBLEMS.CAI HAS ALSO HELPED FUND THE SET UP AND SUPPORT OF LITERACY CENTERS THAT OFFER FREE LESSONS IN BASIC LITERACY, HYGIENE, SANITATION, AND NUTRITION. OFTEN A CENTER IS LOCATED IN WOMENS PRIVATE HOMES IN AFGHANISTAN, WHERE WOMEN CAN GATHER AND LEARN TO READ AND WRITE. CAI HAS FUNDED THE PAYMENT OF THE TEACHER AND COSTS OF THE TEXTBOOKS, NOTEBOOKS, PENCILS, AND ERASERS. 570357 15847 CAIS GLOBAL OUTREACH PROGRAM: PROMOTES AWARENESS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF PRIMARY EDUCATION, LITERACY, AND CROSS-CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING ABOUT THE REMOTE MOUNTAIN REGIONS AND COMMUNITIES OF CENTRAL ASIA. THIS IS MANIFESTED AND ACHIEVED WITH THE WEBSITE, PUBLIC EVENTS, PUBLICATIONS, GLOBAL OUTREACH, THE PENNIES FOR PEACE PROGRAM AND GREG MORTENSONS BOOKS, "THREE CUPS OF TEA" AND "STONES INTO SCHOOLS".PENNIES FOR PEACE IS AN INTERNATIONAL SERVICE-LEARNING PROGRAM DESIGNED TO HELP STUDENTS BROADEN THEIR CULTURAL HORIZONS AND LEARN ABOUT THEIR CAPACITIES AS PHILANTHROPISTS. IT EDUCATES STUDENTS ABOUT THE WORLD BEYOND THEIR EXPERIENCE AND SHOWS THEM THAT THEY CAN MAKE A POSITIVE IMPACT ON A GLOBAL SCALE, ONE PENNY AT A TIME. STUDENTS LEARN THE REWARDS OF SHARING AND WORKING TOGETHER TO BRING HOPE AND EDUCATION OPPORTUNITIES TO THE CHILDREN IN PAKISTAN, AFGHANISTAN AND TAJIKISTAN. WHILE A PENNY IS VIRTUALLY WORTHLESS IN THE UNITED STATES, IN IMPOVERISHED COUNTRIES A PENNY BUYS A PENCIL AND OPENS THE DOOR TO LITERACY. LITERACY, FOR BOTH BOYS AND GIRLS, PROVIDES BETTER ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES IN THE FUTURE AND NEUTRALIZES THE POWER OF DESPOT MULLAHS AND OTHER EXTREMIST LEADERS. 5678445 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 26 0 1 12 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X 9 9 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 AK AL AR AZ CA CO FL LA MA MO NC ND NH NJ NM NY OH OK OR SC UT VA WA X X JENNIFER SIPES 4065857841 MONTANA BOZEMAN MT 59715 STEVE BARRETT 1.00 X 0 0 0 TALAT KHAN 1.00 X 0 0 0 FARID SENZAI 1.00 X 0 0 0 IRAM SHAH 1.00 X 0 0 0 HOWARD T SLAYEN 1.00 X 0 0 0 PETER THATCHER 1.00 X 0 0 0 JOHN E WILLIAMSON 1.00 X 0 0 0 KAREN MCCOWAN 1.00 X 0 0 0 ABDUL JABBAR 1.00 X 0 0 0 JENNIFER SIPES 50.00 X 88040 0 18541 ANNE BEYERSDORFER 50.00 X 93500 0 0 GREG MORTENSON 50.00 X 140577 0 35436 322117 0 53977 1 0 1 0 COOLEY LLP 101 CALIFORNIA STREET 5TH FLOOR SAN FRANCISCO CA 94111 LEGAL 424407 CAPLIN & DRYSDALE ONE THOMAS CIRCLE NW SUITE 1100 WASHINGTON DC 20005 INDEMNIFICATION FEES 406716 COPILEVITZ & CANTER 310 W 20TH ST SUITE 300 KANSAS CITY MO 64108 LEGAL 301985 ALPHAGRAPHICS INC PO BOX 1088 BOZEMAN MT 59771 PRINTING 172817 4 1273 4002895 15950 4004168 130720 130720 2048412 2048412 0 0 7903 1273 7074 829 829 15847 0 15847 15847 SETTLEMENT EXP REIMBUR 560000 560000 560000 4711564 15847 0 691549 4800599 4800599 115931 3764 112167 563250 184795 328898 49557 97180 95680 1500 1016252 1016252 147537 147537 16773 16773 8402 6742 1660 10084 10084 8664 6478 2186 60505 60505 188314 167440 20874 129318 126186 3132 18136 18136 39201 39201 PRINTING AND REPRODUCTI 190251 119030 7968 63253 POSTAGE AND DELIVERY 175726 149976 94 25656 FEES AND PERMITS 80057 732 77852 1473 REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE 14315 5452 8863 6968 250 6718 7687463 5678445 1858716 150302 3432646 1227314 6207900 5198222 14058 10000 8496 0 51505 23865 740779 83957 674958 656822 15280783 15608297 65931 24374 25736277 22748894 274611 203703 194342 182256 468953 385959 X 20238971 21066679 5028353 1296256 25267324 22362935 25736277 22748894 X -2975899 71511 X X 0 1 1 X 0 X 13101295 13686792 22149966 15260360 4004168 68202581 13101295 13686792 22149966 15260360 4004168 68202581 68202581 22884 609488 305083 251804 130720 1319979 560000 560000 70082560 633441 0.97320 0.98090 X RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED 115000 115000 613792 76165 537627 11987 7792 4195 656822 4711564 7687463 -2975899 71511 71511 -2904388 4790149 71511 7074 78585 4711564 0 4711564 7694538 7075 7075 7687463 0 7687463 DESCRIPTION OF UNCERTAIN TAX POSITIONS UNDER FIN 48: PART X: THE ORGANIZATION EVALUATES ITS TAX POSITIONS THAT HAVE BEEN TAKEN OR ARE EXPECTED TO BE TAKEN ON INCOME TAX RETURNS TO DETERMINE IF AN ACCRUAL IS NECESSARY FOR UNCERTAIN TAX POSITIONS. AS OF SEPTEMBER 30, 2012 AND 2011, THE UNRECOGNIZED TAX BENEFIT ACCRUAL WAS ZERO. EVENT EXPENSES ARE NETTED AGAINST REVENUE ON THE 990, BUT INCLUDED IN THE FUNCTIONAL EXPENSES ON THE AUDITED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS. 1 AFGHANISTAN 0 0 PROGRAM SERVICES AND GRANTS EMPOWERS COMMUNITIES IN AFGHANISTAN THROUGH EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS BY PROVIDING BUILDING MATERIALS, SUPPLIES, EQUIPMENT, OPERATING EXPENSES AND SCHOLARSHIPS. 2665025 PAKISTAN 0 0 PROGRAM SERVICES AND GRANTS EMPOWERS COMMUNITIES IN PAKISTAN THROUGH EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS BY PROVIDING BUILDING SUPPLIES, SUPPLIES, EQUIPMENT, OPERATING EXPENSES AND SCHOLARSHIPS FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES; WOMEN'S CENTERS AND PUBLIC HEALTH SUCH AS WATER PROJECTS, HEALTHCARE AND DISASTER RELIEF. 1809074 TAJIKISTAN 0 0 PROGRAM SERVICES AND GRANTS EMPOWERS COMMUNITIES IN TAJIKISTAN THROUGH EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS BY PROVIDING BUILDING MATERIALS, SUPPLIES, EQUIPMENT, OPERATING EXPENSES AND SCHOLARSHIPS. 326500 0 0 0 0 0 0 4800599 0 4800599 AFGHANISTAN TO FURTHER STUDIES AND WORK RELATED TO PEACE THROUGH EDUCATION 34380 WIRE TRANSFER BOOK AFGHANISTAN TO FURTHER STUDIES AND WORK RELATED TO PEACE THROUGH EDUCATION 180000 WIRE TRANSFER BOOK AFGHANISTAN TO FURTHER STUDIES AND WORK RELATED TO PEACE THROUGH EDUCATION 131000 WIRE TRANSFER BOOK TAJIKISTAN TO FURTHER STUDIES AND WORK RELATED TO PEACE THROUGH EDUCATION 326500 WIRE TRANSFER BOOK 4 GRANTS FOR BUILDING MATERIALS, SUPPLIES AND TRANSPORTATION TO BUILD SCHOOLS, SCHOOL OPERATING EXPENSES INCLUDING TEACHERS SALARIES AND SUPPLIES, AND SCHOLARSHIPS. AFGHANISTAN 2 2319645 WIRE TRANSFER BOOK GRANTS FOR BUILDING MATERIALS, SUPPLIES, LABOR AND TRANSPORTATION TO BUILD SCHOOLS, SCHOOL OPERATING EXPENSES INCLUDING TEACHERS SALARIES AND SUPPLIES, SCHOLARSHIPS, WOMEN'S CENTERS, PUBLIC HEALTH, WATER PROJECTS AND DISASTER RELIEF. PAKISTAN 7 1809074 WIRE TRANSFER BOOK 0 0 0 0 0 0 PROCEDURE FOR MONITORING GRANTS OUTSIDE THE U.S.: SCHEDULE F, PART I, LINE 2: THE ORGANIZATION HAS AFFILIATIONS WITH INDIVIDUALS AND INDEPENDENT PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS WHO MONITOR AND REPORT GRANT FUNDS USED OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES. CHICAGO CONVENTION 9176 1274 7902 7075 9176 1274 7902 7075 7075 827 1 X X X X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREG MORTENSON 140577 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35436 0 176013 0 0 0 X 78 15950 EXCHANGE PRICE 0 0 0 FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION A, LINE 4 THE ORGANIZATION AMENDED ITS BY-LAWS IN DECEMBER, 2011 AND ALSO UPDATED IT INTERNATIONAL EXPENDITURE POLICY TO FORMALIZE THE PROCESS FOR GRANTS TO INDIVIDUALS AND NGO'S. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 11 FORM 990 IS PREPARED AND REVIEWED BY AN OUTSIDE CPA FIRM, IT IS REVIEWED BY CAI MANAGEMENT, THE AUDIT COMMITTEE, LEGAL COUNSEL, AND BY THE INDEPENDENT AUDITORS FIRM. A FINAL DRAFT IS PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS TO REVIEW BEFORE IT IS FILED. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 12C IN ADDITION TO REQUIRED DISCLOSURES BY BOARD MEMBERS AND KEY EMPLOYEES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST, CONFLICTS COMPLIANCE AND REVIEW IS CONSISTENTLY PLACED ON THE AGENDA OF EACH BOARD MEETING AND THE ORGANIZATIONS LAWYER REVIEWS ALL CONTRACTS, RELATIONSHIPS, AND OTHER TRANSACTIONS WITH OUTSIDE PARTIES FOR CONFLICT OF INTEREST ISSUES AND NECESSARY BOARD REVIEW. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 15 THE ORGANIZATION HAS A COMPENSATION COMMITTEE, WHICH APPROVES THE COMPENSATION OF ALL STAFF MEMBERS (INCLUDING STAFF THAT SERVE AS CO-FOUNDER, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, BOARD MEMBERS OR OFFICERS) ANNUALLY. THE PROCESS OF APPROVING SALARIES INCLUDES COMPILING COMPARABILITY DATA FOR SALARIES PAID BY ORGANIZATIONS OF SIMILAR SIZE, LOCATION, SCOPE, AND PURPOSE (AMONG OTHER FACTORS) AND APPLYING THAT DATA TO DETERMINE THAT ALL SALARIES AND COMPENSATION IS REASONABLE. THE ORGANIZATION HAS A WRITTEN EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT WITH THE CO-FOUNDER AND EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR WHICH WAS APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION C, LINE 19 THE GOVERNING DOCUMENTS AND CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY ARE AVAILABLE BY REQUEST TO THE PUBLIC. THE AUDITED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND FORM 990 ARE AVAILABLE ON OUR WEBSITE. CHANGES IN NET ASSETS OR FUND BALANCES: FORM 990, PART XI, LINE 5: NET UNREALIZED GAINS ON INVESTMENTS: 71,511. 990 PART XII, LINE 2C - THE PROCESS HAS NOT CHANGED FROM THE PRIOR YEAR. CENTRAL ASIA INSTITUTE CANADA 390 BAY STREET SUITE 1202 TORONTO ONTARIO CA M5H2Y2 PROVIDE EDUCATIONAL SUPPORT IN CENTRAL ASIA CA 501(C)(3) 170(B)(1)(A)(VI) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0