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        <AmountOfCashGrant>203437</AmountOfCashGrant>
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        <ReturnReference>MONITORING THE USE OF GRANT FUNDS IN THE UNITED STATES:</ReturnReference>
        <Explanation>AWARDS AND CONTRACTS ARE AN IMPORTANT MEANS THROUGH WHICH THE COUNCIL CONDUCTS RESEARCH, TRANSFERS TECHNOLOGY AND STRENGTHENS INSTITUTIONAL POLICY WITHIN THE POPULATION FIELD. POTENTIAL SUB RECIPIENTS SUBMIT PROPOSALS TO THE COUNCIL WHICH ARE REVIEWED BY PROGRAMMATIC STAFF TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE TYPE OF STUDY THE INSTITUTION OR INDIVIDUAL IS CONDUCTING FURTHERS THE ACTIVITIES OF THE COUNCIL AND COMPLIES WITH THE PROVISIONS OF GRANTS MADE TO THE COUNCIL. IN ACCORDANCE WITH COUNCIL PROCEDURES, GRANTING OF AN AWARD REQUIRES APPROVAL BY COUNCIL PROGRAMMATIC, FINANCIAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF TO ENSURE THE RECIPIENT IS QUALIFIED. IF THE AWARD IS FUNDED UNDER A GRANT TO THE COUNCIL, DONOR APPROVAL MAY ALSO BE REQUIRED. ONCE APPROVAL IS GRANTED, THE RECIPIENT AND THE TREASURER OF THE COUNCIL SIGN AN AGREEMENT, WHICH SPECIFIES PROGRAMMATIC REPORTING REQUIREMENTS AND A DISBURSEMENT SCHEDULE. PROGRAMMATIC STAFF PERIODICALLY MAKE SITE VISITS AND REVIEW PROJECT SUBSTANTIVE REPORTS. FINANCIAL STAFF REVIEW PERIODIC FINANCIAL REPORTS AND COORDINATE WITH PROJECT STAFF BEFORE FURTHER PAYMENTS ARE DISBURSED.</Explanation>
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        <Identifier>SCH I, PART II</Identifier>
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        <NamePerson>VICTOR PAULUS</NamePerson>
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        <NamePerson>NAOMI RUTENBERG</NamePerson>
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        <NamePerson>JAMES E SAILER</NamePerson>
        <Title>VP, CORPORATE AFFAIRS</Title>
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        <NamePerson>JOHN W TOWNSEND</NamePerson>
        <Title>VP, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH</Title>
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        <NamePerson>PATRICIA C VAUGHAN</NamePerson>
        <Title>GENERAL COUNSEL &amp; SECRETARY</Title>
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      <Form990ScheduleJPartIII>
        <Identifier>FORM 990, SCH J, PART I, LINE 2</Identifier>
        <Explanation>THERE IS ONLY ONE HOUSING ALLOWANCE AUTHORIZED AS PART OF THE COMPENSATION PACKAGE APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES AND IT IS PAID TO THE PRESIDENT, WHO RECEIVES IT AS PART OF TAXABLE COMPENSATION, PAID BI-MONTHLY, IN ADDITION TO THE PRESIDENT'S ANNUAL SALARY. THE HOUSING ALLOWANCE IS A SCHEDULED PAYMENT AND IS NOT A REIMBURSEMENT REQUIRING SUBSTANTIATION.</Explanation>
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      <Form990ScheduleJPartIII>
        <Identifier>FORM 990, SCH J, PART II</Identifier>
        <Explanation>THE COUNCIL'S POLICIES INCLUDE PROVIDING RELOCATION, HOUSING AND DEPENDENT EDUCATION ALLOWANCES TO U. S. EXPATRIATES AND THIRD COUNTRY NATIONAL EMPLOYEES HIRED AS INTERNATIONAL EMPLOYEES FROM THE COUNCIL'S U.S. HEADQUARTERS TO WORK AT ONE OF THE COUNCIL'S INTERNATIONAL OFFICES. THESE BENEFITS ARE REPORTED AS OTHER REPORTABLE COMPENSATION FOR U.S. EMPLOYEES AND AS NONTAXABLE BENEFITS FOR FOREIGN EMPLOYEES. THE COUNCIL'S POLICIES INCLUDE PROVIDING EMPLOYEES WITH EMPLOYER CONTRIBUTIONS TO A DEFINED CONTRIBUTION 403(B) RETIREMENT PLAN. ANY EMPLOYEE OF THE COUNCIL OTHER THAN A NON-RESIDENT ALIEN WITH NO U.S.-SOURCE INCOME IS ELIGIBLE TO PARTICIPATE IN THE PLAN. EFFECTIVE JANUARY 2009, CHANGES TO THE LAWS THAT GOVERN CONTRIBUTIONS TO DEFINED CONTRIBUTION 403(B) ACCOUNTS PREVENT THESE EMPLOYER CONTRIBUTIONS FROM BEING DEPOSITED INTO 403(B) ACCOUNTS FOR FOREIGN EMPLOYEES. THEREFORE, THE COUNCIL PROVIDES THE EMPLOYER CONTRIBUTIONS DIRECTLY TO THE COUNCIL'S FOREIGN EMPLOYEES AND SUCH AMOUNTS ARE REPORTED AS OTHER REPORTABLE COMPENSATION, AS SHOWN FOR IAN ASKEW AND SAROJ PACHAURI IN PART II ABOVE.</Explanation>
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        <ReturnReference>ANNA GLASIER - REPORTABLE COMPENSATION</ReturnReference>
        <Explanation>ANNA GLASIER SERVES AS CONSULTING SENIOR SCIENTIST TO THE POPULATION COUNCIL'S INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH (ICCR) DUE TO HER EXPERTISE IN THIS FIELD. COMMITTEE MEMBERS ARE EXPECTED TO UNDERTAKE PLANNING, EXECUTION, AND SUPERVISION OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES RELATED TO NEW LEADS IN LABORATORIES FUNDED THROUGH THE COMMITTEE. POTENTIAL AND PERCEIVED CONFLICTS OF INTEREST ARE REQUIRED TO BE DISCLOSED BY WRITTEN POLICY AND CONSENT. WHEN APPROPRIATE AND AS APPLICABLE, THOSE COMMITTEE MEMBERS WITH POTENTIAL CONFLICTS RECUSE THEMSELVES FROM FUNDING DECISIONS.</Explanation>
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        <Explanation>THE POPULATION COUNCIL CONFRONTS CRITICAL HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT ISSUES-FROM STOPPING THE SPREAD OF HIV TO IMPROVING REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND ENSURING THAT YOUNG PEOPLE LEAD FULL AND PRODUCTIVE LIVES. THROUGH BIOMEDICAL, SOCIAL SCIENCE, AND PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH IN 50 COUNTRIES, WE WORK WITH OUR PARTNERS TO DELIVER SOLUTIONS THAT LEAD TO MORE EFFECTIVE POLICIES, PROGRAMS, AND TECHNOLOGIES THAT IMPROVE LIVES AROUND THE WORLD. ESTABLISHED IN 1952 AND HEADQUARTERED IN NEW YORK, THE COUNCIL IS A NONGOVERNMENTAL, NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION GOVERNED BY AN INTERNATIONAL BOARD OF TRUSTEES. POPULATION COUNCIL RESEARCHERS WORK WITHIN THREE PROGRAM AREAS: HIV AND AIDS; POVERTY, GENDER, AND YOUTH; AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH. HIV AND AIDS. THE GOAL OF THIS PROGRAM IS TO ARREST THE SPREAD OF HIV IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, ESPECIALLY AMONG THE GROWING NUMBER OF WOMEN AND GIRLS AFFECTED, AND TO ENABLE PEOPLE TO MITIGATE THE IMPACT OF THE DISEASE ON THEIR OWN HEALTH AND ON THEIR FAMILIES AND COMMUNITIES. COUNCIL STAFF MEMBERS CONDUCT BASIC RESEARCH ON TRANSMISSION OF HIV AND ARE DEVELOPING A MICROBICIDE TO REDUCE WOMEN'S RISK OF HIV INFECTION. THE COUNCIL ALSO COLLABORATES WITH PROGRAMS AROUND THE WORLD, ESPECIALLY IN AFRICA, TO IMPROVE HIV PREVENTION, INCLUDING TESTING SERVICES AND PROVIDING CARE AND TREATMENT TO PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV. POVERTY, GENDER, AND YOUTH. THE GOAL OF THE PROGRAM IS TO BUILD A COHERENT BODY OF POLICY ORIENTED RESEARCH AND PROGRAMS WHICH CONTRIBUTES MEANINGFULLY TO GLOBAL EFFORTS THAT IMPROVE THE LIVES OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS, ESPECIALLY DISADVANTAGED GIRLS. COUNCIL STAFF WORK TO ADVANCE THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ON ISSUES FACING THE MOST VULNERABLE POPULATIONS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THROUGH RIGOROUS POLICY AND PROGRAM ORIENTED POPULATION RESEARCH; PREVENT AND MITIGATE THE MOST URGENT AND DIFFICULT PROBLEMS FACING THESE POPULATIONS THROUGH THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF COUNTRY-BASED PROGRAMS; INFORM AND INFLUENCE INSTITUTIONAL AND PUBLIC POLICIES BY PROMOTING KNOWLEDGE GAINED THROUGH THE PROGRAM'S RESEARCH AND PROGRAMS; IMPROVE THE COMPETENCE AND CAPACITY OF THE NEXT GENERATION OF RESEARCHERS TO CONDUCT POLICY AND PROGRAM ORIENTED POPULATION RESEARCH. THE COUNCIL'S WORK HAS HAD A DEMONSTRABLE IMPACT IN EGYPT, ETHIOPIA, GUATEMALA, INDIA, KENYA, SOUTH AFRICA, AND ELSEWHERE. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH. THE GOAL OF THIS PROGRAM IS TO IMPROVE SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, ESPECIALLY FOR DISADVANTAGED POPULATIONS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. STAFF MEMBERS DEVELOP AND INTRODUCE NEW CONTRACEPTIVES AND MEANS TO PREVENT, DETECT, AND TREAT SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, HELP FORMULATE EVIDENCE-BASED POLICIES, AND EVALUATE INNOVATIONS IN SERVICE DELIVERY. WE COLLABORATE EXTENSIVELY WITH LOCAL AND REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS AND NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS) WORLDWIDE TO EXPAND ACCESS TO HIGH-QUALITY HEALTH SERVICES; INCREASE OPTIONS FOR SAFE, AFFORDABLE, AND REVERSIBLE CONTRACEPTION FOR MEN AND WOMEN; AND SHAPE POLICIES AND PROGRAMS TO IMPROVE HEALTH OUTCOMES. THE COUNCIL'S FELLOWSHIP PROGRAMS HAVE HELPED ADVANCE THE CAREERS OF SOCIAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENTISTS, PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCHERS, AND PROGRAM MANAGERS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. THE WORK OF COUNCIL FELLOWS HAS FOSTERED RESEARCH AND INFORMED THE CREATION OF POPULATION, HEALTH, AND DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND PROGRAMS. THE COUNCIL'S WORLD-CLASS CENTER FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH, LOCATED AT ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY, CONDUCTS RESEARCH IN CONTRACEPTION AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH. RESEARCHERS ARE STUDYING THE BIOLOGY OF MALE REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPING NEW CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES. THE COUNCIL HAS RECENTLY COMPLETED CLINICAL TRIALS OF A NEW CONTRACEPTIVE VAGINAL RING. TO DATE, MORE THAN 120 MILLION WOMEN WORLDWIDE HAVE USED POPULATION COUNCIL DEVELOPED METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION, WHICH INCLUDE THE COPPER-BEARING INTRAUTERINE DEVICES (IUDS), JADELLE, AND MIRENA. THE CENTER ALSO DEVELOPS PRODUCTS TO INHIBIT THE TRANSMISSION OF HIV. POPULATION COUNCIL RESEARCHERS ADVOCATE FOR SOLUTIONS TO REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS-SOLUTIONS THAT ARE EVIDENCE-BASED, RIGOROUSLY TESTED, EVALUATED, AND PROVEN EFFECTIVE. AFTER WE DEMONSTRATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A PROGRAM, WE PROMOTE ITS REPLICATION AND PROVIDE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO SCALE IT UP, WHILE INFORMING POLICYMAKERS OF THE LESSONS LEARNED THROUGH CAREFUL MONITORING AND EVALUATION. USING OUR RESEARCH FINDINGS, OTHER ORGANIZATIONS DELIVER IMPROVED AND MORE COST-EFFECTIVE SERVICES THAT REACH PEOPLE MOST IN NEED. THE COUNCIL STAFF CONSISTS OF APPROXIMATELY 574 WOMEN AND MEN FROM 31 COUNTRIES. ROUGHLY 60 PERCENT ARE BASED OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES. COUNCIL STAFF MEMBERS CONDUCT RESEARCH AND PROGRAMS IN 50 COUNTRIES. RESEARCH, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, AND CAPACITY BUILDING ARE CARRIED OUT BY THE POPULATION COUNCIL'S U.S. AND FIELD OFFICES AND ITS THREE PROGRAM AREAS. HEADQUARTERS AND THE COUNCIL'S CENTER FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ARE LOCATED IN NEW YORK CITY. WE MAINTAIN AN OFFICE IN WASHINGTON, DC, AND AN INTERNATIONAL PRESENCE IN 15 OFFICES IN AFRICA, ASIA, LATIN AMERICA, AND THE MIDDLE EAST. THE POPULATION COUNCIL IS GOVERNED BY A BOARD OF TRUSTEES COMPOSED OF 18 MEN AND WOMEN FROM EIGHT COUNTRIES. THIS GROUP INCLUDES LEADERS IN BIOMEDICINE, BUSINESS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, GOVERNMENT, HEALTH, INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, LAW, THE MEDIA, PHILANTHROPY, AND SOCIAL SCIENCE.</Explanation>
      </GeneralExplanation>
      <GeneralExplanation>
        <Identifier>FORM 990, PART I, LINE 5</Identifier>
        <ReturnReference>TOTAL NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES</ReturnReference>
        <Explanation>THE COUNCIL STAFF CONSISTS OF 574 WOMEN AND MEN FROM 31 COUNTRIES. ONLY 250 OF THE COUNCIL'S 574 EMPLOYEES ARE EITHER BASED IN THE UNITED STATES OR ARE CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES. THE OTHER 324 COUNCIL EMPLOYEES ARE NON-U.S. CITIZENS BASED OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES AND ARE THEREFORE NOT ISSUED A W-2.</Explanation>
      </GeneralExplanation>
      <GeneralExplanation>
        <Identifier>FORM 990, PART III, LINE 4A</Identifier>
        <ReturnReference>A) REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH (RH)</ReturnReference>
        <Explanation>THE POPULATION COUNCIL'S REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PROGRAM WORKS TO IMPROVE THE SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. STAFF MEMBERS DEVELOP AND INTRODUCE NEW CONTRACEPTIVES AND MEANS TO PREVENT, DETECT, AND TREAT SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, HELP FORMULATE EVIDENCE-BASED POLICIES, AND EVALUATE INNOVATIONS IN SERVICE DELIVERY. WE COLLABORATE EXTENSIVELY WITH LOCAL AND REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS AND NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS) WORLDWIDE TO EXPAND ACCESS TO HIGH-QUALITY HEALTH SERVICES; INCREASE THE OPTIONS FOR SAFE, AFFORDABLE, AND REVERSIBLE CONTRACEPTION FOR MEN AND WOMEN; AND SHAPE POLICIES AND PROGRAMS TO IMPROVE HEALTH OUTCOMES. CURRENT PROGRAM PRIORITIES INCLUDE: " INCREASING ACCESS TO FAMILY PLANNING AND OTHER REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES IN COUNTRIES WITH UNMET NEED AND WHERE CLIENTS ARE UNABLE TO ACHIEVE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH GOALS. " REDUCING MATERNAL MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY, FOCUSING ON SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA AND SOUTH ASIA, AS WELL AS VULNERABLE GROUPS IN OTHER REGIONS. " REDUCING CRITICAL REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICE USAGE INEQUALITIES RELATED TO WEALTH, AGE AND GENDER. " DEVELOPING AND TESTING THE EFFECTIVENESS AND ACCEPTABILITY OF NEW REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH TECHNOLOGIES DESIGNED TO BENEFIT WOMEN AND MEN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. " DEVELOPING COLLABORATIVE RELATIONSHIPS WITH PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES TO LICENSE, REGISTER AND/OR MANUFACTURE TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPED BY THE COUNCIL TO SUPPORT INCREASED ACCESS AND CHOICE IN PROGRAMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. 2012 KEY ACCOMPLISHMENTS: INCREASED USE OF FAMILY PLANNING AND BIRTH SPACING IN PAKISTAN (FALAH): ENABLING COUPLES TO DETERMINE WHEN THEY HAVE CHILDREN IS VITAL TO THE HEALTH OF MOTHERS AND CHILDREN. IN PAKISTAN, ALMOST ONE FOURTH OF WOMEN WANT TO AVOID OR DELAY CHILD BEARING BUT ARE NOT USING A CONTRACEPTIVE. THE COUNCIL'S FAMILY ADVANCEMENT FOR LIFE AND HEALTH (FALAH) PROJECT ADDRESS THESE ISSUES TO PROTECT THE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF MOTHERS, NEWBORNS, AND CHILDREN THROUGH THE ADOPTION OF BIRTH SPACING. IMPACT: THROUGH VARIOUS INFORMATION, EDUCATION, AND COMMUNICATION MATERIALS, THE PROGRAM HAS EDUCATED CLINIC STAFF MEMBERS AND INFLUENTIAL COMMUNITY MEMBERS ABOUT THE HEALTHY TIMING AND SPACING OF PREGNANCIES. FALAH HAS PROVIDED HIGH QUALITY FAMILY PLANNING AND SERVICES TO MORE THAN HALF A MILLION PEOPLE IN PAKISTAN AND HAS IMPROVED THE QUALITY OF EXISTING SERVICES. THE PROJECT WAS IMPLEMENTED IN 20 DISTRICTS IN ALL FOUR PROVINCES OF PAKISTAN AND HAS CONTRIBUTED TO A MUCH NEEDED REVISION OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS OF FAMILY PLANNING. REDUCING SEXUAL AND GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN SOUTH AFRICA AND ZAMBIA: THE RATE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN SOUTH AFRICA IS AMONG THE HIGHEST IN THE WORLD, AND MORE SEXUAL ASSAULTS AGAINST CHILDREN ARE REPORTED THAN IN ANY OTHER COUNTRY. WITH MORE THAN 16 PERCENT OF THE COUNTRY'S ADULTS LIVING WITH HIV, THE RISK THAT SEXUAL ASSAULT WILL RESULT IN HIV INFECTION IS ALSO HIGH. SEXUAL OR GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE (SGBV) IS ALSO PREVALENT IN ZAMBIA WHERE OVER 47 PERCENT OF WOMEN HAVE REPORTED EXPERIENCING IN PHYSICAL VIOLENCE. RESEARCH BY THE COUNCIL WAS THE FIRST TO IDENTIFY AND ADDRESS GAPS IN THE PROVISION OF MEDICAL CARE AND SERVICES FOR VICTIMS OF SEXUAL ASSAULT. IMPACT: WITH THE COUNCIL'S LEADERSHIP, THE AFRICA REGIONAL SEXUAL AND GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE (GBV) NETWORK SUPPORTED THE GOVERNMENTS OF SOUTH AFRICA AND ZAMBIA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BOTH COUNTRIES' FIRST-EVER POLICIES TO ADDRESS SGBV. INFORMED BY COUNCIL RESEARCH AND RECOMMENDATIONS, THESE POLICIES EMBRACE A COMPREHENSIVE MODEL OF CARE TO PROVIDE MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF SGBV, INTERACT WITH THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM, AND MOBILIZE COMMUNITIES TO PREVENT SGBV. THE GOVERNMENT OF ZAMBIA IS EXPANDING POLICE PROVISION OF EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION TO VICTIMS OF RAPE, AND THE GOVERNMENT OF MALAWI IS TESTING THIS APPROACH. IN DECEMBER 2012, MINISTERS OF HEALTH FROM KENYA, LESOTHO, MALAWI, MAURITIUS, SEYCHELLES, SWAZILAND, TANZANIA, UGANDA, ZAMBIA, AND ZIMBABWE PASSED A RESOLUTION ALLOWING ALL WOMEN SEEKING MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES TO BE SCREENED FOR INTIMATE-PARTNER VIOLENCE USING THE SCREENING TOOL DEVELOPED BY THE COUNCIL. INCREASING ACCESS TO LONG-ACTING REVERSIBLE CONTRACEPTION: LONGER-TERM CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS, SUCH AS BIRTH CONTROL PILLS, IUDS, OR IMPLANTS, REMAIN CHALLENGING FOR WOMEN LIVING IN RURAL AREAS. PHARMACIES NEED TO BE WELL-STOCKED AND TRAINED MEDICAL WORKERS MUST BE ON HAND TO PROVIDE, INSERT, OR REMOVE SUCH CONTRACEPTION METHODS. FOR WOMEN NOT READY TO BUILD A FAMILY OR WOMEN SEEKING TO SPACE PREGNANCIES, AN AFFORDABLE METHOD OF CONTRACEPTION THAT DOES NOT DEPEND ON REGULAR ACCESS TO A PHARMACY OR HEALTH CARE PROVIDER IS NECESSARY. IMPACT: IN MAY 2012, WORKING WITH THE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF GYNECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS AND THE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SUPPLIES COALITION, THE COUNCIL GENERATED AN ACTION PLAN TO IMPROVE ACCESS TO HIGHLY EFFECTIVE, LONG-ACTING REVERSIBLE CONTRACEPTIVES (LARCS) BY INCREASING PROVIDER TRAINING AND AWARENESS AND WORKING WITH MULTIPLE SECTORS TO REDUCE COSTS. AS A RESULT, LARCS WERE A KEY FOCUS OF THE JULY 2012 LONDON SUMMIT ON FAMILY PLANNING, WHICH PROMOTED A GOAL OF ENABLING 120 MILLION MORE WOMEN AND GIRLS TO HAVE ACCESS TO HIGH-QUALITY FAMILY PLANNING INFORMATION AND SERVICES BY 2020. IN SEPTEMBER, THE JADELLE ACCESS PROGRAM WAS FORMED WITH SUPPORT FROM A NUMBER OF ORGANIZATIONS AND GOVERNMENTS TO MAKE JADELLE-A COUNCIL-DEVELOPED TWO-ROD LEVONORGESTREL CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANT- AVAILABLE TO MORE THAN 27 MILLION WOMEN. .</Explanation>
      </GeneralExplanation>
      <GeneralExplanation>
        <Identifier>FORM 990, PART III, LINE 4B</Identifier>
        <ReturnReference>B) HIV AND AIDS PROGRAM</ReturnReference>
        <Explanation>THE POPULATION COUNCIL TAKES A BROAD AND COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO HIV PREVENTION, CARE, AND TREATMENT. THE HIV AND AIDS PROGRAM ENCOMPASSES BASIC RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY; DEVELOPMENT AND INTRODUCTION OF A SAFE, EFFECTIVE MICROBICIDE; SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH-RELATED RESEARCH TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS OF HIV AND AIDS; AND THE DEVELOPMENT, EVALUATION, AND SCALE-UP OF EFFECTIVE SERVICE-DELIVERY MODELS. CURRENT PROGRAM PRIORITIES INCLUDE: " ADVANCE THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF HIV TRANSMISSION AND DISEASE PROGRESSION. " DEVELOP AND TEST MICROBICIDES TO PREVENT TRANSMISSION OF HIV, OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, AND/OR UNINTENDED PREGNANCY. " FOSTER THE INTRODUCTION AND SCALE-UP OF HIV PREVENTION TECHNOLOGIES. " IMPROVE THE DELIVERY OF AND ACCESS TO HIV PREVENTION, CARE, AND TREATMENT FOR UNDERSERVED POPULATIONS " IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS INFECTED AND AFFECTED BY HIV " UTILIZE SOCIAL NETWORKS TO REDUCE HIV ACQUISITION AND TRANSMISSION. 2012 KEY ACCOMPLISHMENTS: PREVENTING VIRUS TRANSMISSION WITH A MICROBICIDE VAGINAL RING: NEW HIV PREVENTION METHODS ARE URGENTLY NEEDED WORLDWIDE, AS 2.5 MILLION INDIVIDUALS ARE INFECTED EACH YEAR. MICROBICIDE VAGINAL RINGS CAN PROTECT AGAINST HIV AND OTHER STIS, EXPANDING PREVENTION OPTIONS FOR WOMEN AND PROVIDE LONGER-LASTING PROTECTION. BECAUSE THE RING IS CONVENIENT AND DISCREET, AND CAN STAY IN PLACE FOR EXTENDED PERIODS, WOMEN MAY BE MORE LIKELY TO USE IT CONSISTENTLY, WHICH HELPS TO ENSURE EFFECTIVENESS. IMPACT: A COUNCIL STUDY PROVIDED THE FIRST EFFICACY DATA SHOWING THAT AN ANTI-HIV VAGINAL RING CAN PREVENT INFECTION IN ANIMALS, AND INDICATED STRONG POTENTIAL FOR THE SUCCESS OF SUCH RINGS IN WOMEN. SCIENTISTS FOUND THAT A VAGINAL RING RELEASING MIV-150, AN ANTI-HIV DRUG, CAN PREVENT THE TRANSMISSION OF SHIV IN MACAQUES. THE STUDY WAS FEATURED ON THE COVER OF THE JOURNAL SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE. MACAQUES RECEIVED EITHER MIV-150 VAGINAL RINGS OR PLACEBO VAGINAL RINGS AND WERE EXPOSED TO A SINGLE DOSE OF SHIV, A VIRUS COMBINING GENES FROM HIV AND SIV (THE MONKEY VERSION OF HIV). THE PROOF-OF-CONCEPT STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT INVESTMENT IN VAGINAL RINGS AS AN HIV-DELIVERY SYSTEM MAY EVENTUALLY PROVIDE TANGIBLE HEALTH BENEFITS. ASSESSING RISKY BEHAVIORS AFTER MALE CIRCUMCISION: MALE CIRCUMCISION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO REDUCE FEMALE-TO-MALE HIV TRANSMISSION BY 60 PERCENT. AS A RESULT, THE PROCEDURE IS BEING INTRODUCED NATIONWIDE IN ZAMBIA. MEN WHO CHOOSE CIRCUMCISION ARE COUNSELED TO AVOID UNPROTECTED SEXUAL CONTACT DURING THE SIX-WEEK HEALING PERIOD. IMPACT: THE COUNCIL AND ITS PARTNERS ASSESSED MEN'S SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AFTER CIRCUMCISION, AND FOUND A HIGH PREVALENCE OF RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIORS DURING WOUND HEALING, PARTICULARLY AMONG MEN WHO REPORTED RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIORS AT THE OUTSET OF THE STUDY. HOWEVER, ANALYSIS SUGGESTS THAT DESPITE THIS RISKY BEHAVIOR, MALE CIRCUMCISION IS STILL LIKELY TO REDUCE MEN'S RISK OF HIV INFECTION, THOUGH NOT AS MUCH AS IT WOULD OTHERWISE. ON THE BASIS OF THESE FINDINGS, PROVIDERS OF MALE CIRCUMCISION IN ZAMBIA RENEWED THEIR FOCUS ON COUNSELING CLIENTS ABOUT THE RISKS OF RESUMING SEXUAL ACTIVITY.</Explanation>
      </GeneralExplanation>
      <GeneralExplanation>
        <Identifier>FORM 990, PART III, LINE 4C</Identifier>
        <ReturnReference>C) POVERTY, GENDER, AND YOUTH (PGY)</ReturnReference>
        <Explanation>THROUGH THE POVERTY, GENDER, AND YOUTH (PGY) PROGRAM, POPULATION COUNCIL STAFF MEMBERS SEEK TO UNDERSTAND AND ADDRESS THE SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY, THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF GENDER INEQUALITY, THE DISPARITIES IN OPPORTUNITY THAT ARISE DURING ADOLESCENCE, AND THE CRITICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR REACHING A SUCCESSFUL, PRODUCTIVE ADULTHOOD IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. PROGRAM ACTIVITIES ALSO INCLUDE DEVELOPING AND EVALUATING INNOVATIVE PROGRAMS-ESPECIALLY THOSE RELATED TO EMPOWERMENT, HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND LIVELIHOODS-TO ADDRESS THE NEEDS OF THE POOR, WOMEN AND YOUNG PEOPLE IN PARTICULAR. PROGRAM STAFF CONTINUE THE COUNCIL'S LONG-STANDING TRADITION OF PROVIDING DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE LINKS BETWEEN POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT AT THE MACRO AND MICRO LEVELS. SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES THAT ILLUSTRATE THE POPULATION COUNCIL'S POVERTY, GENDER, AND YOUTH PROGRAM INCLUDE: " STRENGTHENING THE EVIDENCE BASE REGARDING ADOLESCENTS, ESPECIALLY GIRLS, TO INCREASE OUR ABILITY TO ASSIST IN PROGRAM AND POLICY DEVELOPMENT. " ADVANCING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF HEALTH SYSTEM FUNCTIONING, AND OF POVERTY, HEALTH, AND POPULATION TRENDS. " SUPPORTING THE TOOLS AND MEANS TO DEVELOP AND SHARE AN EVIDENCE BASE ON TOPICS OF PGY CONCERN. " EXPANDING SCHOOLING, FINANCIAL LITERACY, AND LIVELIHOODS INITIATIVES. " SUPPORTING EMERGING ISSUES AND MAINTAINING THE POPULATION COUNCIL'S REPUTATION FOR CUTTING-EDGE, INNOVATIVE WORK; FOR EXAMPLE, BY DEVELOPING NEW TOOLS FOR SEXUALITY EDUCATION AND URBAN HEALTH. 2012 KEY ACCOMPLISHMENTS IMPROVING THE LIVES OF VULNERABLE GIRLS IN ETHIOPIA: THE COUNCIL'S BIRUH TESFA ("BRIGHT FUTURE" IN AMHARIC) PROGRAM ASSISTS OUT-OF-SCHOOL GIRLS IN THE URBAN SLUMS OF ETHIOPIA BY CREATING SAFE SPACES WHERE THEY CAN MEET FRIENDS, BUILD SUPPORT NETWORKS WITH OTHER GIRLS, AND FORM RELATIONSHIPS WITH SUPPORTIVE ADULTS. THE PROGRAM PROTECTS THE RIGHTS OF VULNERABLE URBAN GIRLS BY REDUCING THEIR SOCIAL ISOLATION AND PROVIDING THEM WITH BASIC LITERACY, HEALTH INFORMATION (INCLUDING HIV PREVENTION), SUBSIDIZED MEDICAL SERVICES USING VOUCHERS, AND SERVICES TO ADDRESS SEXUAL EXPLOITATION AND ABUSE. IMPACT: COUNCIL RESEARCHERS FOUND THAT GIRLS ENROLLED IN THE PROGRAM WERE MORE THAN TWICE AS LIKELY AS UNENROLLED GIRLS TO REPORT SOCIAL SUPPORT, TO KNOW ABOUT HIV TRANSMISSION, AND TO KNOW WHERE TO OBTAIN HIV COUNSELING AND TESTING. THE PROGRAM HAS BEEN EXPANDED IN 18 CITIES IN ETHIOPIA, AND LOCAL EDUCATION BUREAUS ARE NOW ADOPTING THE APPROACH, CITING IT AS A BEST PRACTICE TO ENSURE THAT VULNERABLE GIRLS HAVE ACCESS TO EDUCATION. CHANGING ATTITUDES ABOUT GENDER ROLES IN EGYPT: THE POPULATION COUNCIL'S ISHRAQ PROGRAM PROVIDES 12-15-YEAR-OLD OUT-OF-SCHOOL GIRLS IN RURAL UPPER EGYPT-THE LEAST DEVELOPED AND MOST ECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED REGION OF THE COUNTRY-WITH MENTORS AND SAFE SPACES FOR INFORMAL LEARNING AND SPORTS PARTICIPATION. THE PROGRAM, FIRST LAUNCHED IN 2001, IS THE COUNCIL'S ORIGINAL GIRLS' EMPOWERMENT INITIATIVE. IMPACT: A 2012 EVALUATION OF ITS SCALE-UP PHASE FOUND IMPRESSIVE, STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENTS FOR PARTICIPATING GIRLS: 88 PERCENT OF ISHRAQ GIRLS ARE ABLE TO WRITE THEIR SIBLING'S NAME, COMPARED TO 36 PERCENT OF GIRLS IN THE CONTROL GROUP; ONE-THIRD OF ISHRAQ GIRLS PLAN TO PURSUE FURTHER EDUCATION, COMPARED TO 5 PERCENT OF CONTROL GIRLS; AND 71 PERCENT OF ISHRAQ GIRLS HAVE MORE THAN ONE NON-RELATIVE FRIEND, COMPARED TO 44 PERCENT OF CONTROL GIRLS. ISHRAQ ALSO IMPROVED PARENTS' AND BROTHERS' ATTITUDES ABOUT GENDER EQUALITY, GIRLS' PARTICIPATION IN DECISION MAKING, GIRLS' MOBILITY, AND SPORTS FOR GIRLS.</Explanation>
      </GeneralExplanation>
      <GeneralExplanation>
        <Identifier>FORM 990, PART III, LINE 4D (SEE ALSO ATTACHMENT 1 IN SCHEDULE O)</Identifier>
        <ReturnReference>OTHER PROGRAM SERVICE ACCOMPLISHMENTS</ReturnReference>
        <Explanation>D) PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT: RECOGNIZING THE DIVERSITY OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL VIEWS, THE POPULATION COUNCIL PROVIDES GRANTS AND SUPPORT TO INDIVIDUALS AND INSTITUTIONS AND INVESTS IN STRENGTHENING THE INDIGENOUS CAPACITY OF COUNTRIES AND REGIONS TO CONDUCT THEIR OWN RESEARCH AND DEVELOP APPROPRIATE POLICIES. INTEGRAL TO ACHIEVING THE POPULATION COUNCIL'S MISSION ARE PROGRAMS TO STRENGTHEN THE BASE OF WELL-QUALIFIED PROFESSIONALS ADDRESSING GLOBAL POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT ISSUES. IN THE PAST HALF CENTURY, MORE THAN 2,400 SOCIAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENTISTS HAVE RECEIVED FELLOWSHIP SUPPORT FROM POPULATION COUNCIL PROGRAMS. THESE FELLOWS HAVE PLAYED A KEY ROLE IN SHAPING POPULATION POLICY AND PROGRAMS FOSTERING RESEARCH IN THE REPRODUCTIVE SCIENCES. IN 2012, POPULATION COUNCIL FELLOWSHIP PROGRAMS PROVIDED ADVANCED TRAINING TO OVER 24 EARLY-CAREER RESEARCHERS FROM AROUND THE WORLD, MANY OF WHOM ARE LIKELY TO BE TOMORROW'S TOP PROFESSIONALS IN THIS FIELD. E) PUBLICATIONS: THE POPULATION COUNCIL COMMUNICATES THE RESULTS OF OUR WORK AND THAT OF OTHERS IN THE FIELD TO PEOPLE CONCERNED WITH POPULATION AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ISSUES. THE COUNCIL PUBLISHES AND DISSEMINATES -TO PROFESSIONALS IN THE FIELD AND TO GENERAL AUDIENCES- A WIDE RANGE OF MATERIALS THAT INCLUDES BOOKS, STATISTICAL COMPENDIA, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, NEWSLETTERS, WORKING PAPERS, FLYERS, CD-ROMS, AND PAMPHLETS. MOST MATERIALS ARE PROVIDED AT NO COST AND CAN BE SHIPPED UPON REQUEST, DISTRIBUTED AT CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS, OR DOWNLOADED FROM THE COUNCIL'S WEB SITE. THE COUNCIL PUBLISHES TWO OF THE FIELD'S LEADING SCHOLARLY, PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS: POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW AND STUDIES IN FAMILY PLANNING. THEY ARE AVAILABLE IN PRINT AND ONLINE ON A PAID SUBSCRIPTION BASIS, AND THROUGH COMPLIMENTARY SUBSCRIPTIONS AVAILABLE TO QUALIFIED APPLICANTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. SUPPLEMENTS TO POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW AND OTHER BOOKS PUBLISHED BY THE COUNCIL ARE ALSO AVAILABLE FOR PURCHASE, WITH PAYMENT WAIVED FOR QUALIFIED APPLICANTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. STAFF MEMBERS PUBLISH THE FINDINGS FROM THEIR WORK THROUGH NUMEROUS PRINT AND ELECTRONIC OUTLETS. IN 2012, THE POPULATION COUNCIL PRODUCED OVER 150 NEW PUBLICATIONS, INCLUDING COUNCIL-PUBLISHED BOOKS, REPORTS, WORKING PAPERS, AND NEWSLETTERS, AS WELL AS 144 ARTICLES IN PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS. COUNCIL STAFF MEMBERS DISSEMINATE INFORMATION THROUGH VARIOUS DIGITAL PLATFORMS, INCLUDING THE COUNCIL'S OWN WEB SITE AT WWW.POPCOUNCIL.ORG. CURRENTLY FEATURING MORE THAN 2,500 PUBLICATIONS, ARTICLES, AND OTHER RESOURCES, THE SITE ALSO INCLUDES DESCRIPTIONS OF COUNCIL PROJECTS. F) DISTINGUISHED COLLEAGUES: FOUR DISTINGUISHED COLLEAGUES-THREE DISTINGUISHED SCHOLARS AND ONE DISTINGUISHED SCIENTIST-PROVIDE ADDITIONAL EXPERTISE IN AREAS OF RELEVANCE TO THE COUNCIL AND REPRESENT THE ORGANIZATION IN THEIR FIELDS INTERNATIONALLY. ONE DISTINGUISHED SCHOLAR IS A COMMUNITY HEALTH PHYSICIAN EXTENSIVELY ENGAGED WITH REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH RESEARCH. SHE HAS ALSO PUBLISHED EXTENSIVELY ON POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION RELATED TO FAMILY PLANNING, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH, AND HIV/AIDS. THE SECOND DISTINGUISHED SCHOLAR SERVES ON THE EDITORIAL COMMITTEE OF STUDIES IN FAMILY PLANNING. HE ALSO CONDUCTS RESEARCH ON A VARIETY OF POPULATION ISSUES, INCLUDING THE DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY, POPULATION-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS, THE DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT OF THE AIDS EPIDEMIC, POPULATION AGING, AND POPULATION POLICY OPTIONS. HE ALSO SERVES AS CHAIR OF THE COUNCIL'S INSTITUTION REVIEW BOARD, WHICH OVERSEES PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS IN RESEARCH. THE THIRD DISTINGUISHED SCHOLAR CONDUCTS RESEARCH TO GENERATE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON THE FEASIBILITY OF IMPROVING QUALITY OF CARE AND THE EFFECT OF CARE RECEIVED BY WOMEN ON THEIR SUBSEQUENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND BEHAVIOR. HE HAS EDITED, AUTHORED, OR CO-AUTHORED FIVE BOOKS AND APPROXIMATELY 80 RESEARCH PAPERS ON TOPICS RELATED TO POPULATION POLICY, FERTILITY, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND FAMILY PLANNING, INFANT MORTALITY, SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTRACEPTIVES, MARKETING OF CONTRACEPTIVES, AND MANAGEMENT OF PREGNANCIES. THE DISTINGUISHED SCIENTIST SPEAKS AT CONFERENCES AND FORUMS AROUND THE WORLD AND ADVISES SCIENTISTS ABOUT CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES. SHE IS THE CHAIRPERSON OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH, THE GENERAL SECRETARY OF THE INTERNATIONAL MENOPAUSE SOCIETY, AND A MEMBER OF THE EXPERT GROUP ON HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION OF THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR CONTRACEPTION. SHE IS ALSO THE PROGRAM DIRECTOR AND PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR OF A NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH) CENTER GRANT FROM THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT.</Explanation>
      </GeneralExplanation>
      <GeneralExplanation>
        <Identifier>FORM 990 PART V, LINE 4B</Identifier>
        <Explanation>FOREIGN COUNTRIES IN WHICH THE COUNCIL HAS AUTHORITY OVER AN ACCOUNT: BANGLADESH BURKINA FASO EGYPT ETHIOPIA GHANA GUATEMALA INDIA KENYA MEXICO NIGERIA PAKISTAN SENEGAL SOUTH AFRICA ZAMBIA</Explanation>
      </GeneralExplanation>
      <GeneralExplanation>
        <Identifier>FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B: LINE 11</Identifier>
        <ReturnReference>REVIEW OF FORM 990</ReturnReference>
        <Explanation>AT A MEETING OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES IN JUNE 2009, THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES APPROVED THE DELEGATION, TO THE AUDIT COMMITTEE, OF THE AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITY TO REVIEW SUBMISSION TO THE IRS OF THE COUNCIL'S IRS FORM 990 AND ITS SUPPORTING SCHEDULES. ONCE REVIEWED BY THE AUDIT COMMITTEE, AND PRIOR TO FILING WITH THE IRS, THE FINAL VERSION OF THE IRS FORM 990 AND SUPPORTING SCHEDULES, IS DISTRIBUTED, VIA EMAIL, TO EACH MEMBER OF THE COUNCIL'S BOARD OF TRUSTEES.</Explanation>
      </GeneralExplanation>
      <GeneralExplanation>
        <Identifier>FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B: LINE 12B AND 12C</Identifier>
        <ReturnReference>CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY</ReturnReference>
        <Explanation>EACH YEAR, TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS ARE REQUIRED TO AFFIRM STATEMENTS ATTESTING TO THE LACK OF A CONFLICT OR DISCLOSING OF ANY CONFLICTS TO THE BOARD IN THE CONDUCT OF THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES TO THE COUNCIL. IF A POTENTIAL CONFLICT OR THE APPEARANCE OF CONFLICT IS DISCLOSED, APPROPRIATE MEASURES ARE OR WILL BE TAKEN BY THE BOARD TO ELIMINATE OR MANAGE THE SITUATION. FAILURE TO DISCLOSE A KNOWN CONFLICT IS CAUSE FOR REMOVAL FROM THE BOARD OR OTHER COUNCIL POSITION. PER COUNCIL POLICY, THE STAFF CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY AND DISCLOSURE FORM ARE DISTRIBUTED TO ALL EMPLOYEES UPON HIRE AND REQUIRE EMPLOYEE AFFIRMATION IN WRITING. THE POLICY AND DISCLOSURE FORMS ARE DISTRIBUTED EVERY OTHER YEAR TO ALL EMPLOYEES AND REQUIRE EMPLOYEE AFFIRMATION. ALL EMPLOYEES ARE REQUIRED TO DISCLOSE CONFLICTS OF INTEREST AS THEY ARISE TO THEIR SUPERVISOR OR OTHER COUNCIL OFFICIAL. EMPLOYEES WHO ARE ENGAGED IN RESEARCH ARE REQUIRED TO SUBMIT A SEPARATE FINANCIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST IN RESEARCH DISCLOSURE FORM ANNUALLY. IN ALL CASES, IF A CONFLICT IS DISCLOSED OR IDENTIFIED, APPROPRIATE MEASURES ARE OR WILL BE TAKEN TO ELIMINATE OR MANAGE THE MATTER. FAILURE TO DISCLOSE A KNOWN CONFLICT IS GROUNDS FOR DISCIPLINARY ACTION, UP TO AND INCLUDING DISMISSAL.</Explanation>
      </GeneralExplanation>
      <GeneralExplanation>
        <Identifier>FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B: LINE 15A</Identifier>
        <ReturnReference>COMPENSATION OF PRESIDENT</ReturnReference>
        <Explanation>THE COUNCIL'S BOARD OF TRUSTEES DELEGATED TO THE THE HIRING COMMITTEE THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR REVIEWING AND APPROVING THE COMPENSATION OF THE PRESIDENT AT THE TIME THE POSITION WAS BEING RECRUITED. THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, COMPRISED OF INDEPENDENT TRUSTEES, REVIEWS AND APPROVES THE COMPENSATION OF THE PRESIDENT ANNUALLY. COMPARABLE COMPENSATION DATA IS USED AND DELIBERATIONS AND DECISIONS ARE CONTEMPORANEOUSLY DOCUMENTED.</Explanation>
      </GeneralExplanation>
      <GeneralExplanation>
        <Identifier>FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B: LINE 15B</Identifier>
        <ReturnReference>COMPENSATION OF OFFICERS AND KEY EMPLOYEES</ReturnReference>
        <Explanation>THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, COMPRISED OF INDEPENDENT TRUSTEES, REVIEWS AND APPROVES THE COMPENSATION OF THE OFFICERS AND KEY EMPLOYEES AT THE TIME OF HIRE AND ANNUALLY. COMPARABLE COMPENSATION DATA IS USED AND DELIBERATIONS AND DECISIONS ARE CONTEMPORANEOUSLY DOCUMENTED.</Explanation>
      </GeneralExplanation>
      <GeneralExplanation>
        <Identifier>FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION C: LINE 19</Identifier>
        <ReturnReference>PUBLICATION</ReturnReference>
        <Explanation>THE COUNCIL POSTS ON ITS EXTERNAL WEBSITE, AT WWW.POPCOUNCIL.ORG, THE MOST RECENT THREE YEARS OF AUDITED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND CORRESPONDING FORMS 990. COPIES OF THE COUNCIL'S GOVERNING DOCUMENTS AND ITS CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY ARE AVAILABLE TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC UPON REQUEST. THE IRS DOES NOT REQUIRE THE PUBLIC DISSEMINATION OF THE POPULATION COUNCIL'S IRS FORM 1023, BECAUSE THE COUNCIL WAS FOUNDED IN 1952 AND PUBLIC AVAILABILITY IS NOT REQUIRED WHERE THE COUNCIL DID NOT HAVE A COPY OF ITS EXEMPTION APPLICATION ON THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF THE REQUIREMENT IN JULY 1987.</Explanation>
      </GeneralExplanation>
      <GeneralExplanation>
        <Identifier>FORM 990, PART XI, LINE 9</Identifier>
        <ReturnReference>OTHER CHANGES IN NET ASSETS OF FUND BALANCES</ReturnReference>
        <Explanation>GAIN ON LEASE OBLIGATION AND OTHER, NET $ 390,555 PENSION AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT CHARGES OTHER THAN NET PERIODIC BENEFIT COST $ 423,786 RETURNS OF GRANTS AND OTHER ASSISTANCE GIVEN TO INDIVIDUALS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES $ (12,052) ----------- TOTAL TO LINE 9 $ 802,289</Explanation>
      </GeneralExplanation>
    </IRS990ScheduleO>
  </ReturnData>
</Return>