2015-05-14T09:24:11-05:00 2014-06-30 ERNST & YOUNG US LLP 4370 LA JOLLA VILLAGE DRIVE 500 SAN DIEGO CA 92122 990 2013-07-01 952160097 THE SALK INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STUDIES % KIM E WITMER SALK 8584534100 10010 N TORREY PINES ROAD Suite La Jolla CA 920371002 KIM E WITMER SVP & CFO 2015-05-12 DEBRA HEISKALA P00649485 2013 2016-02-25 16:41:14Z WILLIAM BRODY 10010 N TORREY PINES ROAD LA JOLLA CA 920371002 237019268 false X WWW.SALK.EDU X 1960 CA BASIC RESEARCH IN THE FOLLOWING: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETICS, NEUROSCIENCE, AND PLANT BIOLOGY. 34 30 1031 151 -2309 -13397 131344685 138079570 0 0 6538405 29322631 1670457 2219101 139553547 169621302 0 0 0 0 65503161 64194555 0 0 4845547 52056265 55571981 117559426 119766536 21994121 49854766 414387336 478180718 103916409 99223939 310470927 378956779 X INVOLVED IN RESEARCH ACTIVITIES, THE OBJECTIVES OF WHICH ARE THE ADVANCEMENT AND DISSEMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE RELEVANT TO THE HEALTH AND WELLBEING OF MAN. THE OBJECTIVES ARE MET PRIMARILY THROUGH RESEARCH AND ADVANCED INSTRUCTION IN (A) BIOLOGY, (B) THE CAUSE, PREVENTION AND CURE OF DISEASES, AND (C) THE FACTORS AND CIRCUMSTANCES CONDUCIVE TO THE FULFILLMENT OF MAN'S BIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL. false false 103168835 SCIENTISTS HELP EXPLAIN VISUAL SYSTEM'S REMARKABLE ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE COMPLEX OBJECTS - In a complementary pair of studies published in Neuron and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a team of Salk neuroscientists has advanced the understanding of translation invariance-how the brain distinguishes different visual stimuli even as the stimuli move around in space. They discovered that in a part of the visual cortex called area V4, neurons have a large receptive field that can compute complex shapes such as contours. But they learned there is a trade-off between the complexity of the stimulus and the degree to which a neuron can recognize it as it moves from place to place. Understanding how the brain processes information to create a visual image might one day allow for direct stimulation of neurons in the cortex, allowing blind humans to regain sight. Such understanding also holds value for building computer systems that act more like humans. [7/1/13] UNIQUE EPIGENOMIC CODE IDENTIFIED DURING HUMAN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT - In a study published in Science, Salk researchers showed that the landscape of DNA methylation, a particular type of epigenomic modification, is highly dynamic in brain cells during the transition from birth to adulthood, helping to understand how information in the genomes of cells in the brain is controlled. They identified the exact sites of DNA methylation and found that one form is present in neurons and glia from birth while a second form, almost exclusive to neurons, accumulates as the brain matures, becoming the dominant form of methylation in the genome of human neurons. This new information forms a critical foundation for exploring whether changes in methylation patterns may be linked to human diseases, including psychiatric disorders. [7/4/13] SALK SCIENTISTS ADD NEW BOND TO PROTEIN ENGINEERING TOOLBOX - Because proteins are the workhorses of cells, adopting conformations that allow them to set off chemical reactions, send signals and transport materials, scientists who are designing new drugs often engineer their own novel proteins. But linking two parts of a protein in a predictable and permanent way has been notoriously hard. As reported in Nature Methods, Salk researchers have developed a new tool for protein engineering. They began by creating a new amino acid, different from the 20 that exist naturally, called p-2-fluoroacetyl-phenylalanine, or Ffact. They then designed three proteins using Ffact in their sequences. Tests of the proteins showed that they formed a covalent bond with Ffact that was both irreversible and had just the right strength. The team plans to create additional amino acids that can form other kinds of bonds, adding more tools to the protein engineering kit that is so important to designing new drugs, imaging agents or molecules that aid basic research. [8/5/13] POTENT MECHANISM HELPS VIRUSES SHUT DOWN BODY'S DEFENSE SYSTEM AGAINST INFECTION - A team of Salk scientists has uncovered a previously unknown mechanism of enveloped viruses (common viruses with an outer wrapping of a lipid membrane) that inhibits the body's normal antiviral response and published their findings in Cell Host and Microbe. The researchers learned that a substance called phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), found on the surface of enveloped viruses, binds to extracellular proteins and activates TAM receptors on immune cells. TAM receptor activation turns off a set of genes called interferons that play a key role in antiviral defense. Understanding this mechanism has allowed the team to begin testing small-molecule drugs that block the virus's ability to activate TAM receptors, a novel approach that may prove effective against such viruses as West Nile, dengue, influenza, Ebola, Marburg and hepatitis B. [8/14/13] DRUG BLOCKS LIGHT SENSORS IN EYE THAT MAY TRIGGER MIGRAINE ATTACKS - A previous discovery at the Salk Institute showed that melanopsin, a receptor found in neurons connecting the eyes and brain, is responsible for sensing light independently of normal vision, and is also vital for maintaining sleep cycles, constricting the pupil in bright light and potentially exacerbating the light-sensitivity associated with migraine headaches. Building on that discovery, Salk researchers have identified a group of chemicals dubbed opsinamides that selectively blocks melanopsin. Testing in mice proved that opsinamides stop melanopsin from signaling the brain when the eyes are exposed to bright light. The study, published in Nature Chemical Biology, could help people with migraines or circadian rhythm imbalances maintain normal work schedules and productivity. [8/26/13] INSULIN PLAYS A ROLE IN MEDIATING WORMS' PERCEPTIONS AND BEHAVIORS - To better understand how information travels through the brain, scientists study neural connections. In an article published in Nature Neuroscience, Salk scientists reported a striking discovery of flexibility in neural circuitry and detailed its influence on behaviors in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. By exposing the worm to salt within a certain concentration range, the team found that, as opposed to previous belief, more than one type of neuron is involved in processing sensory cues, and that the olfactory neuron was crucial for the worm's movement toward the salt. Additionally, they discovered that an insulin neuropeptide, subsequently identified as INS-6, was being released by the salt-sensing neuron to shape the animal's behavior. Similar neuropeptide communication may create flexible neural circuits that mediate the diverse behaviors that animals and people perform in their environments. This study adds important new data to our knowledge of how the human brain functions. [9/13/13] INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS REVEAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HUMANS AND GREAT APES - For the first time, chimpanzee and bonobo skin cells have been turned into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by a team at the Salk. Scientists regularly use iPSCs to model diseases and this new advancement will be used to explore some of the evolutionary differences between humans and non-human primates. The team has already found disparities in the regulation of jumping genes-DNA elements that copy and paste themselves into spots throughout the genome-between humans and non-human primate cells. Jumping genes allow the rapid shuffling of DNA and, according to the scientists, may be shaping the evolution of our genomes. As published in Nature, the study reported that jumping genes appear to be more restricted in humans than in chimpanzees or bonobos. Further comparison and examination of the iSPCs will provide clues to better understanding biological processes, such as infection, diseases, brain evolution, adaptation and genetic diversity. [10/23/13] GENERATING "MINI-KIDNEY" STRUCTURES FROM HUMAN STEM CELLS MAY LEAD TO MUCH-NEEDED THERAPIES FOR KIDNEY DISEASE - In pioneering work that Science magazine named runner-up for 2013 Breakthrough of the Year, a team of Salk scientists became the first to coax human stem cells into forming three-dimensional cellular structures similar to those found in human kidneys. The findings were reported in Nature Cell Biology. To test their protocol, the team collected induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a patient with a genetic disorder known as polycystic kidney disease (PKD), then produced kidney structures from the patient-derived iPSCs. Because of the many clinical manifestations of PKD, neither gene- nor antibody-based therapies are realistic approaches for treatment. This unprecedented technique might provide a reliable platform for developing drug-based therapeutics for PKD and other kidney conditions. [11/17/13] CONNECTING THE DOTS BETWEEN GENES AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR - Salk scientists partnering with an international team have advanced the understanding of how genes influence brain structure and cognitive abilities and how neural circuits produce language. They studied individuals with a rare disorder known as Williams syndrome which imparts learning disabilities but also gifts a sociable nature and remarkable verbal and facial recognition abilities. Using sensors to measure brain activity, the researchers presented study participants with both visual and auditory stimuli and charted the small changes in voltage generated by different areas of the brain. They discovered that the ventral portion of the brain appeared to exhibit plasticity in analyzing information. They also found that Williams is due not to a single gene but to distinct subsets of genes, hinting that the syndrome is more complex than originally thought. The results, published in Developmental Neuropsychology, may lead to new insight into such disorders as autism, Down syndrome and schizophrenia. 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ASSOCIATION OF INDEPENDENT RESEARCH INSTITUTES $ 720 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH $ 960 167637178 29641230 27636790 6285654 218629544 126725558 24531449 20361663 3981493 167637177 113493623 18776974 -1376528 4168510 126725559 89420545 12288420 15274598 3489940 113493623 71360759 11356891 8833640 2130745 89420545 0.01530 0.98470 false false 1153930 1153930 144097758 86160462 57937296 74469192 56382937 18086255 229352 229352 77406833 ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENTS 119886187 F STOCKS NOT-PUBLICLY TRADED <5% 3113 C 119889300 2052 DEFERRED RETIREMENT OBLIGATION 5899103 5901155 X 151208131 18631088 -37310876 -18679788 169887919 -266617 -266617 169621302 120033158 266617 266617 119766541 -5 -5 119766536 PART V, LINE 4 ENDOWMENT INCOME INTENDED TO BE USED FOR AND TO SUPPORT RESEARCH, OPERATIONS, AND LECTURESHIP EXPENSES. Part XI, Lines 2d INVESTMENT RETURN IN EXCESS OF AMOUNT DESIGNATED FOR CURRENT OPERATIONS UNDER SPENDING POLICY AND ROUNDING. 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WE DO NOT DEEM THESE ACTIVITIES TO CONSTITUTE WORKING IN THE REGION. PART I, LINE 3, COLUMN (F) ACCRUAL METHOD CONCERT 728865 576640 152225 93117 162000 SCIENCE/MUSIC 53410 19000 34410 11500 0 782275 595640 186635 93117 173500 266617 -79982 X X true true X X X X X X false true false false false false false true false William R Brody MD PhD President 689820 0 0 0 160668 0 133150 0 10836 0 994474 0 0 0 Thomas D Albright PhD Trustee/Professor 248554 0 0 0 12363 0 29184 0 12549 0 302650 0 0 0 Christoper R Kintner PHD Trustee/Professor 195337 0 0 0 16795 0 23000 0 8770 0 243902 0 0 0 Marsha A Chandler PhD Exec. Vice Pres/COO 438238 0 0 0 10668 0 33150 0 1383 0 483439 0 0 0 Julia A Miller JD Secretary/Gen. 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THE INSTITUTE'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE PLAN AND THE EARNINGS FROM THE CONTRIBUTION WILL BECOME 100% VESTED UPON THE PRESIDENT'S COMPLETION OF 5 YEARS OF SERVICE. PLAN BALANCE WAS PAID OUT TO THE PRESIDENT IN MARCH 2014. PART I, LINE 7 NON-FIXED PAYMENTS INCLUDE BOARD OF TRUSTEE AWARDS WHICH ARE REPORTED UNDER OTHER REPORTABLE COMPENSATION. THE BOARD OF TRUSTEE AWARDS ARE NON-BASE RECOGNITION AWARDS FOR CERTAIN LISTED INDIVIDUALS, AS APPROVED BY THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES. NON-BASE RECOGNITION AWARDS ARE INCLUDED IN THE TOTAL COMPENSATION PACKAGES SUBJECT TO THE REVIEW PROCESS DESCRIBED IN SCHEDULE O, FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 15B. 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LINE 6: MEMBERSHIP OF THE CORPORATION CONSISTS OF THE PERSONS ELECTED TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES AND THREE MEMBERS FROM AMONG THE RESIDENT AND NON-RESIDENT FELLOWS AND PROFESSORS CHOSEN AND ELECTED ANNUALLY BY THE RESIDENT AND NON-RESIDENT FELLOWS AND PROFESSORS. LINE 7a: THE MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION ELECT THE TRUSTEES. LINE 7b: THE MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION MAY ALTER, AMEND, OR REPEAL THE BY-LAWS BY VOTE. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINES 11B, 12C AND 15A/B LINE 11B: THE FORM 990 IS PREPARED BY THE INSTITUTE, INTERNALLY REVIEWED BY THE SR. DIRECTOR OF FINANCE AND THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER AND EXTERNALLY REVIEWED BY THE TAX DEPARTMENT OF A PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM. A COPY OF THE PREPARED FORM 990 IS PROVIDED TO ALL BOARD MEMBERS AND THE AUDIT COMMITTEE FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION PRIOR TO ELECTRONIC FILING. LINE 12C: ANNUALLY, THE CONFLICT OF INTEREST DISCLOSURE STATEMENT IS SENT OUT FOR COMPLETION BY THE MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, SENIOR MEMBERS OF ADMINISTRATION AND RESEARCHERS. THE DESIGNATED OFFICIAL FOR EACH GROUP REVIEWS THE COMPLETED FORMS AND BRINGS ANY POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST TO THE RESPECTIVE COMMITTEES FOR REVIEW. UPON DETERMINATION THAT A CONFLICT OF INTEREST EXISTS, THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS MAY BE IMPOSED: A. MONITORING OF ACTIVITIES GENERATING THE CONFLICT BY ANOTHER MEMBER; B. DISQUALIFICATION FROM PARTICIPATION IN THE ACTIVITIES GIVING RISE TO THE CONFLICT; C. MODIFICATION OF RESPONSIBILITIES TO AVOID CONFLICTS; D. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE OR DIVESTITURE OF SIGNIFICANT FINANCIAL INTERESTS; E. MODIFICATION OF THE RESEARCH PLAN OR REMOVAL OF THE AFFECTED RESEARCHER FROM THE RESEARCH; F. SEVERANCE OF RELATIONSHIP THAT CREATES ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL CONFLICTS; G. TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT. LINE 15A/B:IN 2011, AN INDEPENDENT CONSULTANT RETAINED BY THE SALK INSTITUTE TO ADVISE ON COMPENSATION ISSUES, ANALYZED THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE BASE SALARY AND TOTAL COMPENSATION (INCLUDING BENEFITS) FOR THE PRESIDENT, EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT, AND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER. TOTAL COMPENSATION WAS COMPARED TO LIKE ROLES AMONG ORGANIZATIONS PROVIDING SIMILAR SERVICES IN THE RESEARCH INDUSTRY, INCLUDING BOTH FOR-PROFIT AND NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS. THE CONSULTANT CONSIDERED THE SIZE AND SCOPE OF OPERATIONS OF THE INCUMBENTS AND THE GUIDELINES ARTICULATED IN THE SALK INSTIUTUTE EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION POLICY. THE CONSULTANT GAVE THE OPINION THAT THE TOTAL 2011 COMPENSATION WAS WELL WITHIN THE REASONABLE RANGE OF COMPETITIVE PRACTICES. IN 2013, HUMAN RESOURCES UPDATED THE 2011 MARKET ANALYSIS BY AGING DATA TO OCTOBER 2013. NON-BASE PERFORMANCE RECOGNITION AWARDS WERE NOT REQUESTED OR AWARDED IN 2013. HUMAN RESOURCES COMPLETED A SIMILAR TOTAL COMPENSATION ANALYSIS FOR THE VP, EXTERNAL RELATIONS, VP, ACADEMIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES AND VP, SCIENTIFIC SERVICES. THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE WAS PROVIDED MARKET DATA COMPARISON TO LIKE ROLES AMONG ORGANIZATIONS PROVIDING SIMILAR SERVICES IN THE RESEARCH INDUSTRY AND NOT-FOR-PROFIT SECTORS. HUMAN RESOURCES GAVE THE OPINION THAT THE TOTAL COMPENSATION WAS WELL WITHIN THE REASONABLE RANGE OF COMPETITIVE PRACTICES AND IN LINE WITH THE GUIDELINES ARTICULATED IN THE SALK INSTITUTE EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION POLICY. NON-BASE PERFORMANCE RECOGNITION AWARDS WERE NOT REQUESTED OR AWARDED IN 2013. DOCUMENTATION ON COMPLETION OF ANNUAL GOALS AND ACHIEVEMENTS WAS PRESENTED TO THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE. HUMAN RESOURCES' REPORTS WERE REVIEWED BY THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE WHICH SERVED AS THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE, EXCLUDING PERSONS WITH A CONFLICT OF INTEREST WITH RESPECT TO THE COMPENSATION ARRANGEMENTS. THE DELIBERATIONS AND DECISIONS REGARDING THE COMPENSATION ACTIONS WERE INCLUDED IN THE MINUTES OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. COPIES OF HUMAN RESOURCES' REPORTS WERE ATTACHED TO THE MINUTES OF THE MEETING. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION C, LINE 19 UPON REQUEST, THE OFFICE OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER MAKES AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC THE INSTITUTE'S GOVERNING DOCUMENTS AND CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ARE AVAILABLE ON THE SALK WEB SITE. FORM 990, PART XI, LINE 9 ROUNDING - ($2) PART VII, DIRECTORS COMPENSATION THE FOLLOWING INDIVIDUALS WERE COMPENSATED FOR THE FOLLOWING SERVICES AND NOT PAID AS TRUSTEES: THOMAS D. ALBRIGHT, PH.D. - PROFESSOR CHRISTOPHER R. KINTNER, PH.D. - PROFESSOR; JOHN A.T. YOUNG, PH.D. - PROFESSOR. 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