2018-09-28T14:09:44-05:00 2018-06-30 320530003 QUIGLEY & MIRON 3550 WILSHIRE BLVD 1660 LOS ANGELES CA 90010 990 2017-07-01 953890767 SPONDYLITIS ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA SPON 8188921616 16360 ROSCOE BLVD NO 100 VAN NUYS CA 91406 CASSIE SHAFER CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER 8188921616 2018-09-28 ARMEN GRIGORIAN P01582463 2136393550 99.88.83.161 2018-09-28 12:00:50 PD P 0F0FD845D2A008496BEE8EAEB3220CD5F79CC4B9 C1988052032BF7E796496D37049D37B62C620639 2017 2018-06-14 16:35:46Z CASSIE SHAFER 16360 ROSCOE BLVD NO 100 VAN NUYS CA 91406 3757699 0 X WWW.SPONDYLITIS.ORG X 1983 CA ADVANCING RESEARCH, ACCELERATED DIAGNOSIS, OPTIMUM TREATMENT, PUBLIC AWARENESS, AND HEALTH CARE 12 12 12 115 0 0 1666271 2635511 6118 5375 35351 41534 0 0 1707740 2682420 50000 211316 0 0 691462 833268 0 0 83888 559592 790643 1301054 1835227 406686 847193 2780357 3559276 108351 54813 2672006 3504463 X ADVANCING AND DIRECTLY SPONSORING AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS RESEARCH, ACCELERATING DIAGNOSIS, SUPPORTING OPTIMUM TREATMENT FOR THE INDIVIDUAL, ADVANCING AWARENESS, AND PUBLIC AND HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS. 0 0 597108 5375 PATIENT CONFERENCES, SEMINARS, AND SUPPORTTHE ORGANIZATION SPONSORED PATIENT EDUCATION AND SUPPORT PROGRAMS THROUGH THE USE OF VARIOUS MEDIA. THE INTERACTIVE WEBSITE LOCATED AT SPONDYLITIS.ORG SERVES MORE THAN 500,000 UNIQUE VISITORS PER QUARTER BASED ON GOOGLE ANALYTICS REPORTS. THIS AS LIFE LIVE (TASLL)-DAN REYNOLDS AND NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS HAVE PARTNERED WITH THE ORGANIZATION TO BRING AN INTERACTIVE ONLINE TALK SHOW VIDEO SERIES, THIS AS LIFE LIVE (TASLL), TO LIFE. THE ORGANIZATION PROVIDES GUIDANCE ON THE PROJECT, SUGGESTS INTERVIEWEES, ATTENDS THE VIDEO SHOOTS, AND ENSURES ACCURACY OF SPA INFORMATION RECORDED AND SHARED. A TOTAL OF SIX EPISODES WERE RELEASED DURING THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 2018 AND A TOTAL OF NINE EPISODES HAVE BEEN RELEASED SINCE THE PROJECT LAUNCHED AT THE BEGINNING OF 2016.LIFE IMPACT SURVEY-A SURVEY WAS CONDUCTED WITH PATIENTS TO IDENTIFY THE PROPORTION OF PATIENTS WITH DELAYED DIAGNOSIS, REASONS, AND TREATMENT. THINK SPONDYLITIS AWARENESS CAMPAIGN-THE ORGANIZATION DESIGNED AND PROVIDED CUSTOM-MADE THINK SPONDYLITIS POSTCARDS AND INVITED THE ORGANIZATION'S MEMBERSHIP AND CONSTITUENTS TO SEND THESE CARDS WITH PERSONAL MESSAGES TO PHYSICIANS, WITH THE GOAL OF RAISING AWARENESS AMONG MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS, IN HONOR OF SPONDYLITIS AWARENESS MONTH AND WORLD AS DAY. WHITE BOARD ANIMATION VIDEO RELEASE: HAVE YOU BEEN DIAGNOSED WITH SPONDYLITIS?-THIS VIDEO SERIES IS TARGETED TO THE NEWLY DIAGNOSED WITH THE AIM OF INTRODUCING THE ORGANIZATION AND RESOURCES IT OFFERS.SPONDYLITIS PLUS-MEMBERS OF THE SPONDYLITIS ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA RECEIVE A COPY OF THE ORGANIZATION'S PRINT PUBLICATION SPONDYLITIS PLUS FREE OF CHARGE, ON A QUARTERLY BASIS. MORE THAN 5,000 COPIES ARE DISTRIBUTED QUARTERLY.ESUN-MORE THAN 24,000 PEOPLE ARE SUBSCRIBED TO AND RECEIVE THE ORGANIZATION'S MONTHLY SPONDYLITIS EDUCATION AND AWARENESS E-NEWSLETTER. 252529 AWARENESS AND SUPPORT GROUPS-THE ORGANIZATION'S SUPPORT GROUPS CONTINUE TO BE ACTIVE ACROSS THE UNITED STATES, NUMBERING MORE THAN 39 GROUPS AND 50 LEADERS WITH OVER 100 MEETINGS HELD THROUGHOUT 2017. A TWO-DAY FORMAL SUPPORT GROUP LEADER TRAINING WAS HELD IN DENVER, COLORADO IN APRIL 2018, WITH 32 SUPPORT GROUP LEADERS ATTENDING. 160566 PHYSICIAN EDUCATION-THE ORGANIZATION ATTENDED AND EXHIBITED AT THE NOVEMBER 2017 AMERICAN COLLEGE OF RHEUMATOLOGY CONFERENCE (ACR) IN SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA. IN CONNECTION WITH THIS EVENT, THE ORGANIZATION HELD ITS SPA EDUCATION SEMINAR AND IN-PERSON MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD MEETING.PRIMARY CARE MEDICAL CONFERENCES (PRIMED)-IN AN EFFORT TO INCREASE EDUCATION AND AWARENESS, IMPROVE EARLIER DIAGNOSIS OF THE DISEASE WITH PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIANS, AND, ULTIMATELY, REFERRAL TO RHEUMATOLOGISTS, THE ORGANIZATION MADE A STRATEGIC DECISION TO INCREASE ITS PRESENCE BY EXHIBITING AT FIVE ANNUAL NATIONWIDE/REGIONAL CONFERENCES THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES. IN THE SPRING OF 2018, THE ORGANIZATION EXHIBITED IN FT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA; HOUSTON, TEXAS; AND ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA. MORE THAN 1,000 LEADS FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FROM HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS HAVE BEEN GENERATED FROM THE ORGANIZATION'S ATTENDANCE TO DATE. ADDITIONAL LOCATIONS ARE SCHEDULED IN THE FALL OF 2018. A SECOND PHASE OF THIS STRATEGY FOR 2018-19 WILL BE TO CONTINUE EXHIBITING AND SEEKING FUNDING FOR UNBRANDED PRESENTATIONS TO BE LED BY RHEUMATOLOGISTS IN THE REGION OF THE CONFERENCE.SPONDYLOARTHRITIS RESEARCH AND TREATMENT NETWORK (SPARTAN)-EACH YEAR, THE ORGANIZATION PARTICIPATES IN THE SPARTAN CONFERENCE. IN 2017, IT WAS HELD IN BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS. ONE OF THE KEY AREAS ON THE AGENDA WERE BREAKOUT SESSIONS DEVOTED TO DISCUSSIONS, FOLLOW-UP, AND NEXT STEPS FROM THE ORGANIZATION'S UNMET NEEDS CONFERENCE. EUROPEAN CONGRESS OF RHEUMATOLOGY (EULAR)-IN JUNE 2017, THE ORGANIZATION ATTENDED EULAR, SHARING EXHIBIT SPACE WITH THE ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION (ASIF). THREE SPONDYLITIS ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA ABSTRACTS AND ONE POSTER SESSION (FROM THE ORGANIZATION'S LIFE IMPACT SURVEY) WERE PRESENTED AT THIS CONFERENCE.ACR/SAA/SPARTAN TREATMENT GUIDELINES UPDATE-ACR AND THE ORGANIZATION ARE FUNDING PARTNERS IN THIS UPDATE, SCHEDULED TO BE RELEASED IN LATE 2018 OR EARLY 2019. THE ORGANIZATION HAS IDENTIFIED AND RECRUITED TWO PATIENTS TO BE INCLUDED ON THE VOTING PANEL WHO WILL REPRESENT THE PATIENT VOICE AND TAKE PART IN THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS. THE ORGANIZATION REMAINS CLOSELY ENGAGED AND INVOLVED THROUGHOUT THE MEETING PROCESS. 479369 211316 SPONDYLOARTHRITIS 2017: UNMET NEEDS CONFERENCE III-FOR TWO DAYS IN SEPTEMBER 2017, THE ORGANIZATION BROUGHT TOGETHER AN INTERNATIONAL GROUP OF LEADING RESEARCHERS TO THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH) IN BETHESDA, MARYLAND, TO IDENTIFY PRESSING GAPS, SHARE INSIGHTS, DISCUSS SCIENTIFIC AND TREATMENT ISSUES, AND PROVIDE DIRECTION FOR THE NEXT DECADE OF SPONDYLOARTHRITIS RESEARCH. THE SPONDYLOARTHRITIS 2017: UNMET NEEDS CONFERENCE III, HOSTED BY THE ORGANIZATION IN COLLABORATION WITH THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ARTHRITIS, MUSCULOSKELETAL AND SKIN DISEASES (NIAMS), GENERATED INTERDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION AMONG RESEARCHERS AND CLINICIANS, AND OPENED NEW AREAS OF INVESTIGATION TO EXPAND THE BREADTH AND DEPTH OF SPONDYLOARTHRITIS RESEARCH. THE GOAL OF THIS CONFERENCE WAS TO GATHER LEADING EXPERTS IN THEIR FIELDS TO NOT ONLY DISCUSS THE PROGRESS MADE TO DATE, BUT TO ALSO EXAMINE THE ROAD THAT LIES AHEAD IN TERMS OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT OF ALL THE CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THIS DISEASE.EARLY CAREER INVESTIGATOR AWARDS (ECI)-TWO ECI AWARDS WERE PRESENTED IN 2018 FOR A TOTAL OF $40,000 ($20,000 EACH). THEY WERE AWARDED TO THE FOLLOWING INSTITUTIONS:- BOSTON UNIVERSITY AND THE BOSTON VA - DR. MAUREEN DUBREUIL, A RHEUMATOLOGIST AND RESEARCHER AT BOSTON UNIVERSITY AND THE BOSTON VA FOCUSES HER RESEARCH ON COMPLICATIONS OF SPONDYLOARTHRITIS AND SIDE EFFECTS OF TREATMENT. IN ADDITION TO HER RESEARCH, DR. DUBREUIL IS WORKING TO EDUCATE THE NEXT GENERATION OF DOCTORS ON EVALUATING PATIENTS WITH BACK PAIN, AND CARING FOR THOSE WITH SPONDYLOARTHRITIS. - UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER - DR. KRISTINE KUHN, WHO OBTAINED HER MD AND PHD AT THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER, DEVELOPED HER INTEREST IN RHEUMATOLOGY WHILE WORKING ON HER PHD IN ARTHRITIS. AFTER GRADUATING MEDICAL SCHOOL, DR. KUHN MOVED TO ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI TO COMPLETE HER RESIDENCY IN INTERNAL MEDICINE AND FELLOWSHIP IN RHEUMATOLOGY AT BARNES-JEWISH HOSPITAL AND WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY. DURING THIS TRAINING, DR. KUHN OBSERVED MANY CHALLENGES THAT INDIVIDUALS FACE IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF SPONDYLOARTHRITIS. SHE BEGAN FOCUSING ON THIS TOPIC IN HER RESEARCH AND CLINICAL ACTIVITIES, AS PART OF HER OWN RESEARCH PROGRAM, WHEN SHE RETURNED TO COLORADO IN 2013 AS A FACULTY MEMBER AT THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE. IN ADDITION TO FUNDING ECI, THE ORGANIZATION RECEIVES FUNDING REQUESTS FROM OUTSIDE SOURCES TO SUPPORT RESEARCH RELATED TO SPONDYLITIS. BECAUSE THE ORGANIZATION HAS LIMITED RESOURCES FOR RESEARCH FUNDING, IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT ANY RESEARCH PROPOSALS MAKE OPTIMAL USE OF THE ORGANIZATION'S LIMITED RESOURCES. IN THE SPRING OF 2018, THE ORGANIZATION FUNDED $125,000 RESTRICTED TO ADDITIONAL RESEARCH STUDY GRANTS OUTSIDE OF THE ECI AWARDS. THESE ADDITIONAL RESEARCH GRANTS ARE DETAILED BELOW:- FUNDING RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO (UCSF), UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA, BIRMINGHAM (UAB); AND QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AUSTRALIA (QUT). DR. LIANNE GENSLER, A RHEUMATOLOGIST AT UCSF MEDICAL CENTER AND THE DIRECTOR OF THE ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS CLINIC, WAS SELECTED ALONG WITH DR. MATTHEW STOLL (UAB) AND DR. MATTHEW BROWN (QUT) AND RECEIVED APPROVAL FOR THEIR MICROBIOME OF OFFSPRING IN ANKLOSING SPONDYLITIS (MOSAS) RESEARCH STUDY. MULTIPLE GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS RESULT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPONDYLOARTHRITIS DISEASES, INCLUDING ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS (AS). THIS WILL BE THE FIRST STUDY OF ITS KIND TO EVALUATE THE PRE-DISEASE MICROBIOTA IN PATIENTS WITH A HIGHER LIKELIHOOD OF DEVELOPING ARTHRITIS.- FUNDING RESEARCH AT OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY (OHSU) THROUGH DRS. MARK ASQUITH AND JAMES ROSENBAUM. THEIR RESEARCH FOCUSES ON THE POTENTIAL ROLE FOR FUNGUS OR YEAST IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF SPONDYLOARTHRITIS. MICROBIOTA IS THE COMMUNITY OF MICRO-ORGANISMS THAT INHABIT THE INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR OF THE HUMAN BODY AT VARIOUS TISSUE SITES. DRS. ASQUITH AND ROSENBAUM'S RESEARCH UTILIZES FUNGAL MICROBIOTA TO INVESTIGATE A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY TO REDUCE OR PREVENT DISEASE SYMPTOMS IN AS PATIENTS.THE ORGANIZATION CONTINUES TO ADVANCE THE BELIEF THAT SUPPORTING RESEARCH WILL LEAD TO AN EVENTUAL CURE. IN THE SHORT-TERM, INSIGHTS GAINED FROM THESE STUDIES SHOULD ALSO EMPOWER AND ENGAGE CLINICIANS AND OTHERS IN THE MEDICAL COMMUNITY WITH OPPORTUNITIES TO CRITICALLY EVALUATE INFORMATION THROUGH, FOR EXAMPLE, PATIENT INTERVIEWS, PHYSICAL EXAMS, AND LABORATORY TESTS, IN ORDER TO FORMULATE A DIAGNOSIS AND DEVISE NEW TREATMENT OPTIONS.SOCIAL MEDIA-FACEBOOK AND TWITTER REMAIN A SOURCE OF EDUCATION AND AWARENESS WITH THE ORGANIZATION'S CONSTITUENTS. THE ORGANIZATION'S COMMUNITY FORUMS CONTINUE TO BE ACTIVE NOT ONLY FOR THE NEWLY-DIAGNOSED BUT THOSE LIVING WITH THIS DISEASE FROM A FEW YEARS TO ALMOST A LIFETIME. 479369 211316 1489572 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 12 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 12 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 CA X X X CASSIE SHAFER 8188921616 16360 ROSCOE BLVD VAN NUYS CA 91406 ELLEN CARROLL DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 CRAIG GIMBEL DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 ERIC GOLDSTEIN VICE CHAIR 2.00 X X 0 0 0 DAVID HALLEGUA DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 CHARLOTTE K HOWARD SECRETARY 2.00 X X 0 0 0 LESLIE KAUTZ BOARD TREASURER 2.00 X X 0 0 0 PAULA OLSIEWSKI DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 MICHAEL PIANIN BOARD CHAIR 2.00 X X 0 0 0 RANDALL SAPADIN DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 BOB ULRICH DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 JOHN D REVEILLE DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 JAMES ROSENBAUM DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 CASSIE SHAFER CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER 40.00 X 53958 0 41 LAURIE SAVAGE EXEC DIRECTOR THROUGH 9/15/17 40.00 X 121498 0 72 RICHARD HOWARD CHIEF MISSION ADVANCEMENT OFFICER 40.00 X 100200 0 7684 275656 0 7797 2 0 0 0 0 2635511 2635511 PUBLICATION SALES 611710 5191 5191 MISCELLANEOUS 900099 184 184 5375 35065 35065 1081748 1075279 6469 6469 6469 2682420 5375 0 41534 211316 211316 308670 268513 20079 20078 436796 331696 73093 32007 26931 20688 4053 2190 60871 49252 7453 4166 67263 67263 133591 126541 7050 181845 120329 54205 7311 66111 61561 2600 1950 81585 55585 21000 5000 119872 109591 1771 8510 103096 102020 1076 30635 25835 3200 1600 STATE LICENSING 6645 6645 1835227 1489572 261767 83888 384497 201472 1896381 2921894 129500 65971 8208 12571 48676 38853 10089 9823 233408 254351 112833 87753 5441 5441 2780357 3559276 108351 54813 108351 54813 X 2027283 2799272 644723 705191 2672006 3504463 2780357 3559276 847193 -14736 0 X X 0 1 X 1 0 X 1324005 1776812 1334632 1666271 2635511 8737231 1324005 1776812 1334632 1666271 2635511 8737231 2757028 5980203 11177 15420 24573 25145 35065 111380 8848611 0.67580 0.72300 X 37182 29617 7565 11494 9236 2258 9823 X 2712964 -14736 45280 30544 2682420 0 2682420 1880507 45280 45280 1835227 0 1835227 PART X, LINE 2: ACCOUNTING STANDARDS REQUIRE AN ORGANIZATION TO EVALUATE ITS TAX POSITIONS AND PROVIDE FOR A LIABILITY FOR ANY POSITIONS THAT WOULD NOT BE CONSIDERED 'MORE LIKELY THAN NOT' TO BE UPHELD UNDER A TAX AUTHORITY EXAMINATION. MANAGEMENT HAS EVALUATED ITS TAX POSITIONS AND HAS CONCLUDED THAT A PROVISION FOR A TAX LIABILITY IS NOT NECESSARY AT JUNE 30, 2018. GENERALLY, THE ORGANIZATION'S INFORMATION RETURNS REMAIN OPEN FOR EXAMINATION FOR A PERIOD OF THREE (FEDERAL) OR FOUR (STATE OF CALIFORNIA) YEARS FROM THE DATE OF FILING. 1 OREGON HEALTH & SCIENCE UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION 1121 SW SALMON STREET 100 PORTLAND OR 97205 257083114 501(C)(3) 25000 HLA B27 MICROBIAL POPULATION OF THE BOWEL STUDY UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 1775 AURORA COURT AURORA CO 80045 846000555 501(C)(3) 20000 RESEARCH IN AXSPA BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 595 COMMONWEALTH AVE 700 BOSTON MA 02215 042103547 501(C)(3) 20000 RESEARCH IN AXSPA UC REGENTS 400 PARNASSUS AVE BOX 0326 SAN FRANCISCO CA 94143 946036493 501(C)(3) 24692 MICROBIOME OF OFFSPRING IN ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS UAB DEPARTMENT OF PEDIATRICS 1600 7TH AVE SOUTH LOWDER 608 BITMINGHAM AL 35233 636001138 501(C)(3) 43418 MICROBIOME OF OFFSPRING IN ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS CEDARS-SINAI MEDICAL CENTER 8797 BEVERLY BLVD 250 LOS ANGELES CA 90048 951644600 501(C)(3) 1500 AXIAL SPA GUIDELINES AMERICAN COLLEGE OF RHEUMATOLOGY 2200 LAKE BLVD NE ATLANTA GA 30319 581627547 501(C)(3) 45000 AXIAL SPA GUIDELINES QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LEVEL 2 88 MUSK AVENUE KELVIN GROVE QLT AS 4059 501(C)(3) 31706 MICROBIOME OF OFFSPRING IN ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS 8 PART I, LINE 2: RESEARCHERS ARE REQUIRED TO PROVIDE THE AGENCY WITH PROGRESS REPORTS BASED ON A VARIETY OF MILESTONES, INDIVIDUAL TO EACH STUDY, AND TO ENSURE THAT ANY PUBLICATION IN PEER REVIEW ACKNOWLEDGES THE AGENCYS FUNDING SUPPORT TOWARD THE EFFORT. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 11B THE AUDIT COMMITTEE REVIEWS THE DOCUMENT PRIOR TO ITS DISTRIBUTION TO THE ENTIRE BOARD FOR REVIEW. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 12C ALL DIRECTORS AND SENIOR EMPLOYEES ARE REQUIRED TO COMPLETE AND SIGN A DISCLOSURE FORM LISTING ANY POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST BY SEPTEMBER 30, ANNUALLY. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 15 THE ORGANIZATION UTILIZES CURRENT COMPENSATION DATA PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL HEALTH COUNCIL AND THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ASSOCIATION EXECUTIVES, AND OTHER FACTORS IN ORDER TO DETERMINE COMPENSATION. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION C, LINE 19 THE ORGANIZATION PRODUCES AN ANNUAL REPORT THAT IS PUBLISHED ON ITS WEBSITE FORM 990, PART XII, LINE 2C THE ORGANIZATION'S AUDIT COMMITTEE HAS RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE OVERSIGHT OF THE AUDIT OF ITS FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SELECTION OF THE INDEPENDENT AUDITOR, SUBJECT TO THE APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS. THIS RESPONSIBILITY IS UNCHANGED FROM THE PRIOR YEAR.