2018-04-09T15:07:04-05:00 2017-12-31 271728945 PKF O'CONNOR DAVIES LLP 500 MAMARONECK AVENUE HARRISON NY 105281633 990 2017-01-01 412055310 HUMANE EDUCATION ADVOCATES REACHING TEACHERS HUMA 9143810309 PO BOX 738 MAMARONECK NY 10543 BRAD GOLDBERG CHAIRMAN/TREASURER 9143810309 2018-04-09 1 GARRETT M HIGGINS P00543209 9143818900 2018-04-09 2017 2022-09-23 18:48:47Z SEE SCHEDULE O BRAD GOLDBERG PO BOX 738 MAMARONECK NY 10543 625527 0 X WWW.TEACHHEART.ORG X 2001 NY SEE SCHEDULE O FOR DESCRIPTION OF MOST SIGNIFICANT ACTIVITIES. 7 7 13 22 0 0 615617 625524 0 0 3 3 229 0 615849 625527 0 0 0 0 450278 466538 0 0 40530 86344 146178 536622 612716 79227 12811 362184 374995 0 0 362184 374995 X HEART'S MISSION IS TO DEVELOP A GENERATION OF COMPASSIONATE YOUTH WHO CREATE POSITIVE CHANGE FOR ANIMALS, PEOPLE AND THE NATURAL WORLD. 0 0 216177 STUDENT PROGRAMS:HEART'S HUMANE LIVING PROGRAM COVERS A WIDE RANGE OF SOCIAL JUSTICE, ANIMAL PROTECTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION ISSUES. WE OFFER THE HUMANE LIVING PROGRAM TO STUDENTS IN K-12 IN FOUR AGE-APPROPRIATE VERSIONS: K-2ND GRADE, 3RD-5TH GRADE, MIDDLE SCHOOL, AND HIGH SCHOOL. HEART'S SPECIALLY TRAINED EDUCATORS TEACH THESE LESSONS IN A FORMAT THAT IS ADAPTED TO MEET THE NEEDS OF DIFFERENT SCHOOLS, YOUTH CENTERS AND STUDENT POPULATIONS. IN 2017, HEART REACHED MORE THAN 4,400 STUDENTS IN THE NEW YORK CITY, CHICAGO, INDIANAPOLIS, DETROIT, MADISON (WISCONSIN), PRINCETON (NEW JERSEY), AND PORTLAND (OREGON) AREAS. WE OFFERED MULTI-LESSON INSTRUCTIONAL AND SERVICE-BASED PROGRAMS IN-SCHOOL, AFTER-SCHOOL, AND IN SUMMER CAMPS. WE ALSO FACILITATED MANY EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING PROJECTS WHERE STUDENTS PUT THEIR VALUES INTO ACTION. WE TAUGHT SUMMER PROGRAMS IN NYC, CHICAGO, AND INDIANAPOLIS AND CO-SPONSORED A SUCCESSFUL CLIMATE CAMP. IN ADDITION, OUR "BE THE CHANGE" INTERACTIVE HUMANE EDUCATION MUSEUM WITHIN THE PEACE LEARNING CENTER IN INDIANAPOLIS, WITH OVER 30 ENGAGING EXHIBITS, CONTINUED TO DRAW HUNDREDS OF VISITORS OF ALL AGES OVER THE COURSE OF THE YEAR. 210772 EDUCATIONAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION:HEART WORKED ON DEVELOPING VARIOUS EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES IN THE PAST YEAR. WE COMPLETED A NEW COMPREHENSIVE HUMANE EDUCATION RESOURCE GUIDE FOR K-5 TEACHERS CALLED "JUSTICE FOR ALL: EDUCATING YOUTH FOR SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY." THE CONTENT SUPPORTS SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL GROWTH, DELVING DEEPLY INTO REAL WORLD TOPICS RELATED TO DIVERSE HUMAN, ANIMAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL TOPICS. THIS 300 PAGE GUIDE CONTAINS 31 STANDARDS-ALIGNED ACTIVITIES AND LESSONS WITH ALL STUDENT MATERIALS INCLUDED AND READY TO USE. THE RESOURCE IS DESIGNED TO HELP EDUCATORS, IN BOTH TRADITIONAL AND NON-TRADITIONAL SETTINGS, EMPOWER YOUTH TO GAIN A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF PRESSING CONTEMPORARY ISSUES THAT IMPACT US AND CONFRONT THEM USING EMPATHY, CRITICAL THOUGHT, AND INNOVATION. IN ADDITION, IN 2017 HEART BEGAN DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE HUMANE EDUCATION RESOURCE GUIDE FOR SECONDARY STUDENTS, EXPECTED TO BE RELEASED IN MAY OF 2018. WE ALSO CONTINUED TO DISTRIBUTE OUR PREVIOUS HUMANE EDUCATION RESOURCE GUIDE WITH 40 ANIMAL PROTECTION LESSONS AND ACTIVITIES FOR K-12. IT HAS NOW BEEN VIEWED BY THOUSANDS OF EDUCATORS IN MORE THAN 30 COUNTRIES AND OVER 40 STATES. WE CONTINUED EXPANDING OUR DIGITAL INITIATIVES THROUGH LESSON SHARING PLATFORMS, INDEXING OUR LESSONS TO NUMEROUS NATIONAL LEARNING STANDARDS TO MAKE THEM MORE ACCESSIBLE AND USABLE BY TEACHERS NATIONWIDE. IN ADDITION, WE USED SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS POPULAR WITH TEACHERS TO BUILD A COMMUNITY OF HUMANE EDUCATORS AND RAISE AWARENESS OF HEART'S LESSONS. WE ALSO BECAME CONTENT PARTNERS WITH NEARPOD, WHICH IS A STUDENT FACING PLATFORM PROVIDING INTERACTIVE PRESENTATION AND ASSESSMENT TOOLS THAT CAN BE USED IN ENGAGING WAYS BY TEACHERS IN THE CLASSROOM IN A 1:1 LESSON DELIVERY PLATFORM. THESE DIGITAL EXPANSIONS HAVE ENABLED OUR RESOURCES TO REACH THOUSANDS MORE STUDENTS AND EDUCATORS. ONE OF OUR MOST INNOVATIVE DIGITAL EFFORTS BEGAN IN 2017 TO DEVELOP A DIGITAL EDUCATIONAL ADVENTURE GAME WHERE OUR COMPASSIONATE INVESTIGATORS IN TRAINING INVESTIGATE HUMANE ISSUES AROUND THE WORLD, LEARNING IMPORTANT WAYS TO PROTECT ANIMALS. IN THIS FIRST GAME CALLED "CASE OF THE SICK PUPPY," STUDENTS WILL UNCOVER THE REALITY BEHIND THE PUPPY MILL INDUSTRY. THE GAME IS EXPECTED TO BE RELEASED IN MARCH OF 2018 AND WILL BE PLAYABLE THROUGH OUR WEBSITE.WE ALSO PROVIDED SPECIALIZED CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT FOR SCHOOLS AND NON-PROFIT AGENCIES TO EXPAND THE HUMANE LIVING PROGRAM TO MEET SPECIFIC NEEDS. WE WORKED WITH ANIMAL HAVEN SHELTER TO DEVELOP NEW PROGRAMMING FOR 5-8 YEAR OLD CHILDREN, EMPHASIZING EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING AND SERVICE PROJECTS. WE DEVELOPED ADDITIONAL ASSEMBLY, LIBRARY, AFTER-SCHOOL AND SUMMER CAMP PROGRAMMING. WE ALSO ADDED TO RESOURCES ON OUR WEBSITE, INCLUDING OUR HUMANE BOOK LISTS AND LIBRARY OF ARCHIVED HEART TEACHER TRAINING WEBINARS, WHICH ARE AVAILABLE FOR FREE DOWNLOAD. 59448 TEACHER TRAINING:HEART REACHED HUNDREDS OF TEACHERS AND FUTURE EDUCATORS THROUGH NUMEROUS WORKSHOPS. ONE OF OUR MAJOR TEACHER TRAINING PROJECTS WAS A CREDIT-BEARING 36-HOUR HUMANE EDUCATION PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT COURSE WE CONDUCTED THROUGH THE NYC DOE THAT QUALIFIED SCHOOLTEACHERS TOWARD A SALARY DIFFERENTIAL. THIS ONLINE COURSE HAS THE RIGOR OF A GRADUATE LEVEL COURSE. WE ALSO EXTENDED OUR REACH NATIONALLY BY CONTINUING TO OFFER OUR FREE BIMONTHLY WEBINAR SERIES IN WHICH WE TRAIN PARTICIPANTS TO TEACH HUMANE EDUCATION. THROUGH VARIOUS PARTNERSHIPS, WE TRAINED VOLUNTEER TEACHERS, ANIMAL ACTIVISTS AND CONCERNED CITIZENS TO CONDUCT LESSONS BOTH IN SCHOOLS AND IN OUT-OF-SCHOOL VENUES LIKE LIBRARIES AND COMMUNITY CENTERS. FOR EXAMPLE, IN CHICAGO WE CONDUCTED CREDIT-BEARING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOPS THROUGH WITS (WORKING IN THE SCHOOLS) ON HUMANE BOOKS AND TEACHING CONFLICT RESOLUTION SKILLS IN THE CLASSROOM. WE ALSO TRAINED TEACHING ARTISTS FROM THE CHICAGO JAZZ PHILHARMONIC IN ACTIVITIES TO HELP STUDENTS MANAGE CONFLICTS PEACEFULLY. WE PARTNERED WITH THE DETROIT ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE HUMANE SOCIETY OF HURON VALLEY TO OFFER METRO-DETROIT AREA TEACHERS A WORKSHOP ON ENHANCING SCIENCE AND LITERACY SKILLS THROUGH HUMANE EDUCATION. PARTICIPANTS EARNED CONTINUING EDUCATION HOURS THAT COULD BE APPLIED TOWARD THEIR CERTIFICATION RENEWAL. HEART PRESENTED ON THE CONNECTION BETWEEN SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL LEARNING AND HUMANE EDUCATION AT THE ASSOCIATION OF PROFESSIONAL HUMANE EDUCATORS' NATIONAL CONFERENCE IN SEATTLE. AT THE EDUCATORS' NETWORK FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE CONFERENCE IN MILWAUKEE, WE OFFERED A WORKSHOP ON TEACHING STUDENTS TO TAKE ACTION FOR CHILD FARMWORKERS. WE PRESENTED ON USING HUMANE EDUCATION STRATEGIES TO TEACH FOOD JUSTICE AT ANIMAL PLACE'S ANNUAL FARMED ANIMAL CONFERENCE IN CALIFORNIA. WE ALSO CONDUCTED CUSTOMIZED IN-PERSON TRAINING WORKSHOPS FOR VOLUNTEERS AT DIFFERENT ANIMAL ORGANIZATIONS. 54044 MARKETING, SOCIAL MEDIA AND ADVOCACY:DURING THE YEAR HEART CONTINUED A PROGRAM FOCUSED ON GAINING AS WIDE AN AUDIENCE FOR OUR MATERIALS AS POSSIBLE. WE MAINTAINED A REGULARLY SCHEDULED RELEASE OF BLOGS AND SOCIAL MEDIA UPDATES ON OUR PROGRAMS AND ON THE SUBJECT MATTER INCLUDED IN OUR LESSONS AND ACTIVITIES. IN ADDITION WE MAINTAINED OUR ADVOCACY EFFORTS TO BOTH PROMOTE AND FACILITATE COMPLIANCE WITH EXISTING HUMANE EDUCATION LAWS. 54044 540441 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 13 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 CT IL NY OR FL CA X X MR BRADLEY GOLDBERG 9143810309 141 HALSTEAD AVENUE SUITE 301 MAMARONECK NY 10543 BRAD GOLDBERG CHAIRMAN/TREASURER 20.00 X X 0 0 0 STEVE WHITMAN SECRETARY 1.00 X X 0 0 0 RICHARD GOLD DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 SUZI OPPENHEIMER DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 HELEN RAFFERTY DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 BRUNO SARDA DIRECTOR (THRU 01/09/17) 1.00 X 0 0 0 LENA TOWNSEND DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 CANDY UDELL DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 MEENA ALAGAPPAN ESQ EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR 40.00 X 105882 0 15980 105882 0 15980 1 0 0 0 0 3250 622274 625524 3 3 625527 0 0 3 121862 85303 19498 17061 285204 272741 12463 3826 3826 21858 21858 33788 31746 258 1784 6340 6340 60183 59280 301 602 3024 1512 1512 58348 50532 2626 5190 1396 1117 140 139 814 651 81 82 5845 5845 8191 6553 819 819 MISCELLANEOUS 1211 846 122 243 FUNDRAISING 588 588 MEALS 238 143 48 47 612716 540441 31745 40530 336836 330875 11301 11304 14047 32816 362184 374995 0 0 X 289184 321995 73000 53000 362184 374995 362184 374995 12811 0 X X 0 1 X 1 0 X 575044 556112 610654 615617 625524 2982951 575044 556112 610654 615617 625524 2982951 850852 2132099 2 4 6 3 3 18 229 229 2983198 66561 0.71470 0.69050 X SCHEDULE A, PART II, LINE 10, EXPLANATION OF OTHER INCOME: OTHER INCOME - 2016 AMOUNT: $ 229. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED 2000 2000 570186 572186 110828 27707 0 0 106709 107620 100338 110828 425495 638243 4700 2500 2000 9200 26677 26905 25085 27707 106374 159561 0 X 625527 0 625527 0 625527 612716 0 612716 0 612716 PART X, LINE 2: HEART IS RECOGNIZED AS TAX EXEMPT PURSUANT TO SECTION 501(C)(3) OF THE INTERNAL REVENUE CODE. HEART RECOGNIZES THE EFFECT OF TAX POSITIONS ONLY WHEN THEY ARE MORE LIKELY THAN NOT TO BE SUSTAINED. MANAGEMENT HAS DETERMINED THAT HEART HAD NO UNCERTAIN TAX POSITIONS THAT WOULD REQUIRE FINANCIAL STATEMENT RECOGNITION OR DISCLOSURE. HEART IS NO LONGER SUBJECT TO EXAMINATIONS BY THE APPLICABLE TAXING JURISDICTIONS FOR PERIODS PRIOR TO DECEMBER 31, 2014. FORM 990, PART I, LINE 1: HEART IS A NONPROFIT WITH A MISSION TO DEVELOP A GENERATION OF COMPASSIONATE YOUTH WHO CREATE POSITIVE CHANGE FOR ANIMALS, PEOPLE AND THE NATURAL WORLD. OUR VISION IS THAT WE WILL MOVE TOWARD A FUTURE WHEN ALL STUDENTS HAVE ACCESS TO EDUCATION THAT FOSTERS COMPASSION AND PROMOTES SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TOWARD ALL LIVING BEINGS AND THE NATURAL WORLD. HEART WILL PROVIDE A LEADERSHIP ROLE TO ENABLE THE INCLUSION OF HUMANE EDUCATION INTO SCHOOL CURRICULA AND ACTIVITIES. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 11B HUMANE EDUCATION ADVOCATES REACHING TEACHERS HAS ITS FORM 990 PREPARED BY AN OUTSIDE ACCOUNTING FIRM AND HAS ESTABLISHED THE FOLLOWING REVIEW PROCESS TO ENSURE THAT THE INFORMATION REPORTED IS COMPLETE AND ACCURATE. ONCE A DRAFT OF THE RETURN IS SUBMITTED BY THE ACCOUNTANTS IT IS REVIEWED BY THE BOARD CHAIR AND THE AUDIT COMMITTEE. THE AUDIT COMMITTEE HAS A TELEPHONE CONFERENCE CALL TO DISCUSS AND APPROVE THE RETURN. THE DRAFT OF THE 990 IS THEN SENT TO THE FULL BOARD FOR THEIR REVIEW. ANY COMMENTS ARE THEN GROUPED, SUMMARIZED AND PROVIDED TO THE OUTSIDE ACCOUNTANTS. EACH ISSUE IS DOCUMENTED AND ADDRESSED UNTIL THE RETURN IS FINALIZED AND APPROVED FOR FILING. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 12C EACH BOARD MEMBER AND OFFICER OF HEART, IS REQUIRED TO CONDUCT ALL THE AFFAIRS OF HEART IN THE BEST INTERESTS OF HEART, TO AVOID THE APPEARANCE OF A CONFLICT BETWEEN HIS OR HER PERSONAL INTERESTS AND THE INTERESTS OF HEART AND TO ENSURE THAT HE OR SHE DOES NOT BENEFIT PERSONALLY FROM HIS OR HER POSITION AS A TRUSTEE OR OFFICER. THIS OBLIGATION ALSO REQUIRES THAT THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS BE FULLY INFORMED REGARDING TRANSACTIONS AND ARRANGEMENTS INTO WHICH HEART ENTERS AND WITH RESPECT TO WHICH OFFICERS MAY HAVE AN INTEREST. TO ENSURE FAIRNESS IN THE BOARD'S DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES AND TO PROTECT HEART'S INTERESTS WHEN IT IS CONTEMPLATING ENTERING INTO A TRANSACTION OR ARRANGEMENT THAT MIGHT BENEFIT THE PRIVATE INTEREST OF ANY OF ITS TRUSTEES OF OFFICERS THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS HAS ADOPTED A CONFLICTS OF INTEREST POLICY. EACH DIRECTOR AND OFFICER SHALL ANNUALLY SIGN A STATEMENT WHICH AFFIRMS THAT SUCH PERSON: (A) HAS RECEIVED A COPY OF THE CONFLICTS OF INTEREST POLICY, (B) HAS READ AND UNDERSTOOD THIS POLICY, AND (C) HAS AGREED TO COMPLY WITH THIS POLICY. UPON THE FIRST KNOWLEDGE BY AN INTERESTED PERSON THAT THE BOARD OR A COMMITTEE THEREOF IS CONSIDERING A TRANSACTION OR ARRANGEMENT WITH AN ENTITY OR INDIVIDUAL WITH WHICH THE INTERESTED PERSON HAS AN INTEREST, THE INTERESTED PERSON MUST DISCLOSE THE EXISTENCE AND NATURE OF HIS OR HER INTEREST TO THE BOARD OR THE COMMITTEE OF THE BOARD CONSIDERING THE PROPOSED TRANSACTION OR ARRANGEMENT. AFTER DISCLOSURE OF THE INTEREST, THE INTERESTED PERSON MAY NOT PARTICIPATE IN CONSIDERATION OF THE PROPOSED TRANSACTION OR ARRANGEMENT, SHALL NOT VOTE ON SUCH TRANSACTION OR ARRANGEMENT, AND SHALL NOT BE PRESENT FOR THE CONSIDERATION OF OR VOTE ON SUCH TRANSACTION UNLESS THE BOARD OR COMMITTEE REQUESTS INFORMATION OR INTERPRETATION FROM THE INTERESTED PERSON. THE BOARD OR COMMITTEE SHALL THEN DETERMINE, BY A VOTE SUFFICIENT FOR SUCH PURPOSE WITHOUT COUNTING THE VOTE OF ANY INTERESTED PERSON, WHETHER THE TRANSACTION OR ARRANGEMENT IS IN HEART'S BEST INTERESTS AND IS FAIR AND REASONABLE TO HEART AND SHALL MAKE A DECISION WHETHER TO ENTER INTO THE TRANSACTION OR ARRANGEMENT IN ACCORDANCE WITH SUCH DETERMINATION. IN DETERMINING WHETHER THE TRANSACTION OR ARRANGEMENT IS IN HEART'S BEST INTEREST, HEART SHALL REVIEW AVAILABLE INFORMATION REGARDING THE COST OR BENEFIT OF COMPARABLE TRANSACTIONS OR ARRANGEMENTS, IF ANY. INTERESTED DIRECTORS MAY BE COUNTED IN DETERMINING THE PRESENCE OF A QUORUM AT A MEETING WHICH AUTHORIZES SUCH A TRANSACTION OR ARRANGEMENT. THE MINUTES OF THE BOARD OR THE COMMITTEE CONSIDERING THE INTEREST OF AN INTERESTED PERSON SHALL CONTAIN: - THE NAMES OF THE INTEREST PERSON(S) WHO DISCLOSED OR OTHERWISE WERE FOUND TO HAVE AN INTEREST, - THE NATURE OF THE INTEREST, - A RECORD OF ANY DETERMINATION AS TO WHETHER A TRANSACTION OR ARRANGEMENT WAS IN THE BEST INTERESTS OF AND FAIR AND REASONABLE TO HEART, NOTWITHSTANDING THE INTEREST, AND THE SPECIFIC REASONS SUPPORTING SUCH DETERMINATION, AND - THE NAMES OF THE PERSONS WHO WERE PRESENT FOR THE DISCUSSIONS ON THE TRANSACTION OR ARRANGEMENT AND A RECORD OF ANY VOTES TAKEN IN CONNECTION THEREWITH. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 15A THE CHAIR OF HEART MAKES RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR'S COMPENSATION. A CONFIDENTIAL MEMO IS SENT TO THE AUDIT COMMITTEE AND A PHONE MEETING IS HELD TO DISCUSS THE CHAIR'S RECOMMENDATION. THE RECOMMENDATIONS ARE BASED ON REPORTS ON COMPARABLE COMPENSATION FROM A SPECIAL ANNUAL GUIDESTAR COMPENSATION STUDY. ONCE THE AUDIT COMMITTEE APPROVES THE FINAL SALARY AND BONUS AWARDS AN EXECUTIVE SESSION IS HELD AT THE CONCLUSION OF THE DECEMBER BOARD MEETING DISCUSSING THE RECOMMENDATION FROM THE AUDIT COMMITTEE AND GETTING THE FINAL APPROVAL FROM THE FULL BOARD. THE BOARD APPROVAL OF THE SALARY AND BONUS AWARDS IS DOCUMENTED IN THE MINUTES TO THE EXECUTIVE SESSION. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION C, LINE 19 THE ORGANIZATION MAKES ITS FORM 990 AVAILABLE FOR PUBLIC INSPECTION AS REQUIRED UNDER SECTION 6104 OF THE INTERNAL REVENUE CODE. THE FORM 990 IS POSTED ON GUIDESTAR.ORG AND OTHER SIMILAR TYPES OF WEBSITES. IN ADDITION, THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY, ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION AND BY-LAWS ARE ALSO AVAILABLE UPON WRITTEN REQUEST AT P.O. BOX 738, MAMARONECK, NY 10543 OR BY CALLING THE ORGANIZATION DIRECTLY AT (914)-381-0309. FORM 990, PART XII, LINE 2C: THE AUDIT COMMITTEE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OVERSIGHT OF THE AUDIT OF ITS FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SELECTION OF ITS INDEPENDENT AUDITOR. THERE HAS BEEN NO CHANGE IN THE PROCESS FROM THE PRIOR YEAR. FORM 990, BOX C: HUMANE EDUCATION ADVOCATES REACHING TEACHERS ALSO CONDUCTS BUSINESS USING THE FOLLOWING D/B/A'S: (1)HEART (2)ANIMALS AWAKENING COMPASSION IN YOUTH