2019-11-12T15:35:09-06:00 2018-12-31 521392008 GELMAN ROSENBERG & FREEDMAN 4550 MONTGOMERY AVE SUITE 800N BETHESDA MD 208142930 990 2018-01-01 521257425 SEARCH FOR COMMON GROUND SEAR 2022654300 1730 RHODE ISLAND AVENUE NW NO 1101 WASHINGTON DC 20036 WASIM KHAN VICE PRESIDENT OF FINANCE 2022654300 2019-11-12 1 RICHARD J LOCASTRO CPA P00288314 3019519090 75.103.231.202 2019-11-12 16:35:01 ES P 4FA38BE9C690C82C721A5060F87FC7588CB81F81 60F5620986AF14763908AFE7AC6F4ECEC523E148 2018 2020-01-14 16:20:31Z SHAMIL M IDRISS 1730 RHODE ISLAND AVENUE NW NO 1101 WASHINGTON DC 20036 29865700 0 X WWW.SFCG.ORG X 1982 DC SEE PART III, LINE 1. 13 11 104 12 0 20904 29810014 29731761 203 0 419 1627 1993535 -40805 31804171 29692583 3309492 4751053 0 0 10732994 9226286 0 0 286325 10013858 8580421 24056344 22557760 7747827 7134823 38493140 38755297 9402623 4135524 29090517 34619773 X TO TRANSFORM THE WAY THE WORLD DEALS WITH CONFLICT - AWAY FROM ADVERSARIAL AND TOWARDS COOPERATIVE SOLUTIONS. OUR PROGRAMS AROUND THE WORLD WORK TO BRIDGE DIVIDING LINES AND ENCOURAGE COLLABORATION. 0 0 12100199 1452906 IN AFRICA, SFCG WORKS TO TRANSFORM CONFLICT ACROSS MORE THAN 15 COUNTRIES. OUR PROJECTS INVOLVE MULTIPLE STAKEHOLDERS IN ACTIVITIES INCLUDING CAPACITY BUILDING, DIALOGUE, JOINT ACTIVITIES, AND MEDIA OUTREACH. OUR WORK INVOLVES YOUTH, WOMEN, CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS AND INSTITUTIONAL PARTNERS. 4389751 2789891 SFCG'S GLOBAL PROGRAMS COMPLEMENT OUR PROGRAMS AROUND THE WORLD, OFFERING SPECIFIC TOOLS AND OFFERING EXPERTISE TO STRENGTHEN OUR IMPACT. THESE PROGRAMS ALSO ADDRESS DIVERSE STAKEHOLDERS IN THE UNITED STATES, INCLUDING BOTH INSTITUTIONAL AND CIVIL SOCIETY PARTNERS. THESE PROJECTS INCLUDE MONITORING, EVALUATION, ACADEMIA AND PUBLIC SECTOR PARTNERS. 3303187 236954 IN THE MIDDLE EAST, SFCG WORKS TO TRANSFORM CONFLICT ACROSS FIVE COUNTRIES. OUR PROGRAMS BRING TOGETHER CONFLICTING PARTIES FOR DIALOGUE, CAPACITY BUILDING AND JOINT PROJECTS. OUR WORK INVOLVES MEDIA PRODUCTION AND OUTREACH, ENGAGING YOUTH, WOMEN AND INSTITUTIONAL STAKEHOLDERS. 1752197 271302 IN ASIA, SFCG WORKS TO TRANSFORM CONFLICT ACROSS MORE THAN FIVE COUNTRIES. OUR PROGRAMS ENGAGE YOUTH, MEDIA AND INSTITUTIONAL PARTNERS THROUGH DIALOGUE, CAPACITY BUILDING, JOINT ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING MEDIA PRODUCTION AND OUTREACH. 1752197 271302 21545334 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 X 16 0 1 104 1 1 1 1 BY CT CD IV CG GV ID IS JO KE KG LE LI MK MA ML MO BM NP NG NI PK RW SL OD CE SU TZ TS YM 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 13 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 AL AR CA FL GA IL KS KY MD MA MN NJ NY NC OR PA TN UT VA X WASIM KHAN 2022654300 1730 RHODE ISLAND AVENUE NW NO 1101 WASHINGTON DC 20036 SHAMIL IDRISS PRESIDENT & CEO 40.00 1.50 X X 279800 0 5768 ADAM BERREY CHAIR 6.00 X X 0 0 0 TIM FEIGE CHAIR OF THE FINANCE COMMITTEE 3.00 X X 0 0 0 LAURIE MICHAELS VICE CHAIR 4.00 X X 0 0 0 ERIC BERMAN BOARD MEMBER 1.00 X 0 0 0 LESLY BLACK BOARD MEMBER 1.00 X 0 0 0 ABIGAIL DISNEY BOARD MEMBER 4.00 X 0 0 0 JEREMY GOLDBERG CHAIR OF THE BOARD AFFAIRS COMMITTEE 3.00 X 0 0 0 NAOMI KAY CHAIR OF THE DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE 3.00 X 0 0 0 DOUGLAS KENYON BOARD MEMBER 1.00 X 0 0 0 ELIZABETH RIKER BOARD MEMBER 1.00 X 0 0 0 INGRID STANGE BOARD MEMBER 1.00 X 0 0 0 RANDY WRIGHT BOARD MEMBER 1.00 X 0 0 0 THOMAS DOWNING CFO (THROUGH 01/18) 40.00 X 206282 0 8417 MATIAS AVERBUJ COO (THROUGH 03/18) 40.00 X 35591 0 1965 WASIM KHAN VICE PRESIDENT OF FINANCE 40.00 X 158640 0 25688 LENA SLACHMUIJLDER VICE PRESIDENT, PROGRAMS 40.00 X 210000 0 13754 MIKE JOBBINS ASSOC. VP OF GLOBAL AFF. & PART. 40.00 X 132573 0 7838 REBECCA BESANT REGIONAL DIRECTOR - EAST AFRICA 40.00 X 131360 0 21046 SANDRA MALONE SENIOR ADVISOR, EXECUTIVE 40.00 X 119471 0 0 CLAUDE B DIWOUTA-LOTH GLOBAL HR BUSINESS PARTNER, LEAD 40.00 X 117116 0 22560 1390833 0 107036 11 0 1 0 KEY TRAVEL INC TWO PENN CENTER PLAZA SUITE 1301 PHILADELPHIA PA 19102 TRAVEL AIRFARE BOOKING SERVICES 349306 RAFFA 1899 L STREET NW SUITE 900 WASHINGTON DC 20036 ACCOUNTING SOFTWARE-SERVICES 115568 2 89901 15737972 13903888 29731761 1627 1627 81080 0 81080 81080 81080 30710 89901 173117 -142407 -142407 MISCELLAENOUS 900099 20522 20522 20522 29692583 0 0 -39178 4751053 4751053 722151 200580 513778 7793 6772727 5054335 1543457 174935 58751 49345 7698 1708 1280487 920344 329140 31003 392170 276327 106279 9564 121849 34400 87449 142824 142824 2042795 1746706 284461 11628 377218 281776 88356 7086 722991 408080 314911 1532862 1257394 266615 8853 1759716 1605802 138423 15491 25640 25640 47170 47170 9992 8059 1917 16 OVERHEAD ALLOCATION 0 3730911 -3730911 COMM. & UTILITIES 486248 392189 93305 754 TV/VIDEO/RADIO PROD. 394183 394183 RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 385973 238421 146130 1422 530960 195429 319459 16072 22557760 21545334 726101 286325 10321797 7181180 5025 27336212 30704499 403957 144891 200000 351859 304388 1767338 1676998 8000 90340 71315 124974 38493140 38755297 2674402 2190095 4800000 524310 812000 1116221 1421119 9402623 4135524 X 3150229 5485431 25940288 29134342 29090517 34619773 38493140 38755297 X 7134823 -1605567 X 0 1 X 1 1 1 X 22495982 25517719 24633957 29686709 29731761 132066128 22495982 25517719 24633957 29686709 29731761 132066128 10311386 121754742 179697 103114 30817 299933 82707 696268 78518 0 78518 36877 22783 16876 1615503 20522 1712561 134553475 110149 0.90490 0.93870 X 145475 145475 0 1621863 1531523 90340 90340 REFUNDABLE ADVANCE 196896 DUE TO SFCG AFFILIATE 719112 PROVISION FOR LOSS 505111 1421119 X 29865700 173117 173117 29692583 0 29692583 22730877 173117 173117 22557760 0 22557760 PART X, LINE 2: FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018, SFCG HAS DOCUMENTED ITS CONSIDERATION OF FASB ASC 740-10, INCOME TAXES, THAT PROVIDES GUIDANCE FOR REPORTING UNCERTAINTY IN INCOME TAXES AND HAS DETERMINED THAT NO MATERIAL UNCERTAIN TAX POSITIONS QUALIFY FOR EITHER RECOGNITION OR DISCLOSURE IN THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS. PART XI, LINE 2D - OTHER ADJUSTMENTS: SPECIAL EVENT EXPENSES SHOWN AS EXPENSE ON THE FINANCIAL 173,117. STATEMENTS AND NETTED AGAINST REVENUE ON FORM 990, PART VIII, LINE 8B. PART XII, LINE 2D - OTHER ADJUSTMENTS: SPECIAL EVENT EXPENSES SHOWN AS EXPENSE ON THE FINANCIAL 173,117. STATEMENTS AND NETTED AGAINST REVENUE ON FORM 990, PART VIII, LINE 8B. 1 EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 2 36 PROGRAM SERVICES CAPACITY BUILDING/TRAINING, JOURNALIST TRAINING, DIALOGUE FACILITATION, RADIO AND TELEVISION PRODUCTION, COMIC BOOKS AND OTHER PRINT MEDIA, NEW MEDIA/MULTI-MEDIA AND MOBILE PHONE-BASED CAMPAIGNS, PARTICIPATORY THEATER, MOBILE CINEMA, ARTS-BASED PROGRAMMING (FESTIVALS AND MUSIC), INTER-RELIGIOUS DIALOGUE, YOUTH COUNCILS, LEADERSHIP TRAINING, CONFLICT MAPPING, MONITORING AND EVALUATION. 405026 EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 0 0 GRANTS TO RECIPIENTS LOCATED IN REGION 80054 SOUTH ASIA 4 27 PROGRAM SERVICES CAPACITY BUILDING/TRAINING, JOURNALIST TRAINING, DIALOGUE FACILITATION, RADIO AND TELEVISION PRODUCTION, COMIC BOOKS AND OTHER PRINT MEDIA, NEW MEDIA/MULTI-MEDIA AND MOBILE PHONE-BASED CAMPAIGNS, PARTICIPATORY THEATER, MOBILE CINEMA, ARTS-BASED PROGRAMMING (FESTIVALS AND MUSIC), INTER-RELIGIOUS DIALOGUE, YOUTH COUNCILS, LEADERSHIP TRAINING, CONFLICT MAPPING, MONITORING AND EVALUATION. 251594 SOUTH ASIA 0 0 GRANTS TO RECIPIENTS LOCATED IN REGION 191248 RUSSIA AND NEIGHBORING STATES 1 25 PROGRAM SERVICES CAPACITY BUILDING/TRAINING, JOURNALIST TRAINING, DIALOGUE FACILITATION, RADIO AND TELEVISION PRODUCTION, COMIC BOOKS AND OTHER PRINT MEDIA, NEW MEDIA/MULTI-MEDIA AND MOBILE PHONE-BASED CAMPAIGNS, PARTICIPATORY THEATER, MOBILE CINEMA, ARTS-BASED PROGRAMMING (FESTIVALS AND MUSIC), INTER-RELIGIOUS DIALOGUE, YOUTH COUNCILS, LEADERSHIP TRAINING, CONFLICT MAPPING, MONITORING AND EVALUATION. 318053 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 7 111 PROGRAM SERVICES CAPACITY BUILDING/TRAINING, JOURNALIST TRAINING, DIALOGUE FACILITATION, RADIO AND TELEVISION PRODUCTION, COMIC BOOKS AND OTHER PRINT MEDIA, NEW MEDIA/MULTI-MEDIA AND MOBILE PHONE-BASED CAMPAIGNS, PARTICIPATORY THEATER, MOBILE CINEMA, ARTS-BASED PROGRAMMING (FESTIVALS AND MUSIC), INTER-RELIGIOUS DIALOGUE, YOUTH COUNCILS, LEADERSHIP TRAINING, CONFLICT MAPPING, MONITORING AND EVALUATION. 2407383 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 0 0 GRANTS TO RECIPIENTS LOCATED IN REGION 236954 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 17 492 PROGRAM SERVICES CAPACITY BUILDING/TRAINING, JOURNALIST TRAINING, DIALOGUE FACILITATION, RADIO AND TELEVISION PRODUCTION, COMIC BOOKS AND OTHER PRINT MEDIA, NEW MEDIA/MULTI-MEDIA AND MOBILE PHONE-BASED CAMPAIGNS, PARTICIPATORY THEATER, MOBILE CINEMA, ARTS-BASED PROGRAMMING (FESTIVALS AND MUSIC), INTER-RELIGIOUS DIALOGUE, YOUTH COUNCILS, LEADERSHIP TRAINING, CONFLICT MAPPING, MONITORING AND EVALUATION. 8172630 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 0 0 GRANTS TO RECIPIENTS LOCATED IN REGION 4242797 EUROPE (INCLUDING ICELAND & GREENLAND) 1 6 PROGRAM SERVICES CAPACITY BUILDING/TRAINING, JOURNALIST TRAINING, DIALOGUE FACILITATION, RADIO AND TELEVISION PRODUCTION, COMIC BOOKS AND OTHER PRINT MEDIA, NEW MEDIA/MULTI-MEDIA AND MOBILE PHONE-BASED CAMPAIGNS, PARTICIPATORY THEATER, MOBILE CINEMA, ARTS-BASED PROGRAMMING (FESTIVALS AND MUSIC), INTER-RELIGIOUS DIALOGUE, YOUTH COUNCILS, LEADERSHIP TRAINING, CONFLICT MAPPING, MONITORING AND EVALUATION. 184275 31 691 1 6 32 697 12062942 4427072 16490014 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 29514 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 79958 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 56478 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 64103 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK SOUTH ASIA SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 5890 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK SOUTH ASIA SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 11350 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 7452 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 5644 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 12545 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 5420 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 6322 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 153036 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 32260 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 468669 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 32324 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 13480 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 18124 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 17294 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 82038 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 372835 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 118250 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK EUROPE (INCLUDING ICELAND & GREENLAND) SUPPORT SFCG IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 2789891 WIRE TRANSFER/CHECK 22 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 PART I, LINE 2: THE FOLLOWING GRANT MONITORING PROCESSES ARE IN PLACE. MOST FUNDERS REQUIRE THEIR PREAPPROVAL OF SUBGRANTS AND SUBCONTRACTS. BEFORE ENTERING INTO SUBAWARD AGREEMENTS, WE CONFIRM THAT NECESSARY AND APPROPRIATE APPROVALS ARE IN PLACE. WE REVIEW AND ASSESS THE CAPACITY OF SUBRECIPIENTS AND THE RELATED ASSOCIATED RISKS WITH DOING BUSINESS WITH THEM BEFORE ENTERING INTO A LEGALLY BINDING RELATIONSHIP. WE PROPERLY VET OUR SUBRECIPIENTS TO ENSURE THE ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS ARE NOT LISTED ON ANY OF THE DEBARMENT OR PROHIBITED LISTS PUBLISHED BY THE USG. THE STANDARD FREQUENCY FOR SUBRECIPIENT EXPENDITURE REPORTING IS MONTHLY, IRRESPECTIVE OF THE AMOUNT OF THE SUBAWARD, UNLESS A SPECIFIC WAIVER IS APPROVED FROM THE DIRECTOR OF GRANTS AND CONTRACTS. 2018 COMMON GROUND AWARDS 120611 89901 30710 15090 30710 4200 123117 120611 89901 30710 15090 30710 4200 123117 173117 -142407 X 1 1 X X 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SHAMIL IDRISS PRESIDENT & CEO 279800 0 0 0 0 0 4625 0 1143 0 285568 0 0 0 THOMAS DOWNING CFO (THROUGH 01/18) 92724 0 0 0 113558 0 6125 0 2292 0 214699 0 0 0 WASIM KHAN VICE PRESIDENT OF FINANCE 158640 0 0 0 0 0 4620 0 21068 0 184328 0 0 0 LENA SLACHMUIJLDER VICE PRESIDENT, PROGRAMS 210000 0 0 0 0 0 4400 0 9354 0 223754 0 0 0 REBECCA BESANT REGIONAL DIRECTOR - EAST AFRICA 131360 0 0 0 0 0 3284 0 17762 0 152406 0 0 0 PART I, LINE 1A HOUSING IS MADE AVAILABLE TO HIGHLY COMPENSATED EMPLOYEES POSTED IN THE FIELD OFFICE. PART I, LINE 4A THOMAS DOWNING, CFO RECEIVED SIX MONTH SEVERANCE OF $113,558. ABIGAIL DISNEY BOARD MEMBER OF SEARCH FOR COMMON GROUND PROMISSORY NOTE FOR PROGRAM SPECIFIC CASH FLOW X 524310 524310 0 1 1 524310 FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 11B THE FORM 990 WAS PREPARED BY THE OUTSIDE ACCOUNTANTS. THE FINANCE COMMITTEE REVIEWED THE 990 AND DISSEMINATED A COPY TO THE FULL BOARD PRIOR TO FILING WITH THE IRS. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 12C ACCORDING TO THE CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY, SEARCH FOR COMMON GROUND PERFORMS A SURVEY OF THE BOARD MEMBERS EACH YEAR. THE RESULTS GET REVIEWED AND APPROVED BY THE OPERATIONS TEAM AND CFO. IF A CONFLICT OF INTEREST ARISES, THE BOARD MEMBER IN QUESTION IS ASKED TO RECUSE HIMSELF/HERSELF FROM VOTING. THE ORGANIZATION ALSO MAINTAINS A CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY FOR EMPLOYEES. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 15 THE COMPENSATION REVIEW PROCESS IS GENERALLY THE SAME FOR THE CEO, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, TOP MANAGEMENT, AND OTHER KEY OFFICERS. HOWEVER, THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE REVIEWS THE CEO'S COMPENSATION AND THE CEO'S REVIEWS EVERYONE ELSE'S COMPENSATION. THE ORGANIZATION'S BOARD OF DIRECTORS OBTAINS THE PAY SCALE OF SIMILAR INDUSTRIES IN ITS LOCATION. THE PAY SCALE IS USED TO DETERMINE THAT THE PAY PROPOSED IS WITHIN INDUSTRY NORMS. THE REVIEW PROCESS IS PERFORMED ANNUALLY AND IT IS DOCUMENTED. THE LAST REVIEW TOOK PLACE IN JANUARY 2018. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION C, LINE 19 THE ORGANIZATION MAKES ITS GOVERNING DOCUMENTS, CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST. FORM 990, PART XI, LINE 9: PRIOR YEAR DE-OBLIGATED FUNDS RETURNED TO DONORS -1,335,042. EXCHANGE LOSS -270,525. FORM 990, PART XI, LINE 9: IN SOME YEARS, SFCG RECEIVES MULTI-YEAR AWARDS FOR WHICH THE ORGANIZATION DOES NOT USE ALL OF THE FUNDS AWARDED. THE REMAINING FUNDS ARE SUBSEQUENTLY RETURNED TO THE CONTRIBUTOR. THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF THE AWARDS DE-OBLIGATED IN 2018 WAS $1,335,042. THIS AMOUNT IS REPORTED ON PART XI, LINE 9 - OTHER CHANGES IN NET ASSETS. SOLIYA INC 261 MADISON AVE NEW YORK NY 10016 320060209 SEE PART VII NY 501(C)(3) LINE 7 SEARCH FOR COMMON GROUND 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SOLIYA D 200000 FMV SOLIYA - PRIMARY ACTIVITY: TO EDUCATE, SUPPORT AND MOBILIZE THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY OF YOUNG ADULTS AND TO PROMOTE UNDERSTANDING AND EMPATHY WITHIN THEIR SOCIETIES.