2020-10-09T11:43:08-05:00 2019-12-31 521392008 GELMAN ROSENBERG & FREEDMAN 4550 MONTGOMERY AVE SUITE 800N BETHESDA MD 208142930 990 2019-01-01 980118876 TOSTAN INC TOST 2025053925 718 7TH STREET NW NO 2ND FL WASHINGTON DC 20001 ELENA BONOMETTI CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER 2025053925 2020-10-09 1 RICHARD J LOCASTRO CPA P00288314 3019519090 75.103.231.202 2020-10-09 12:43:04 ED P C6B98AA4431DF555754CEAEBF131E6352A0B42C7 C2BAA6D0041C88F87D22D64051AEF03C2A501AAC 2019 2021-01-29 14:40:06Z ELENA BONOMETTI 718 7TH STREET NW NO 2ND FL WASHINGTON DC 20001 7757494 0 X WWW.TOSTAN.ORG X 1991 DE SEE PART III, LINE 1. 9 8 4 14 0 0 5943496 6974190 0 0 -1866 1022 64830 323532 6006460 7298744 251743 162001 0 0 3732117 3451000 0 78108 413101 3616985 4157970 7600845 7849079 -1594385 -550335 9504844 3874436 273452 301442 9231392 3572994 X TOSTAN EMPOWERS COMMUNITIES TO DEVELOP AND ACHIEVE THEIR VISION FOR THE FUTURE AND INSPIRES LARGE-SCALE MOVEMENTS LEADING TO DIGNITY FOR ALL. 0 0 6391804 162001 323532 IN SEEKING TO SCALE COMMUNITY WELL-BEING, TOSTAN IS FOLLOWING THREE SCALING PATHWAYS AND RELATED PROGRAM SERVICES: DIRECT IMPLEMENTATION OF PROGRAMS, TRAINING AND REPLICATION IN PARTNERSHIP WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS, AND GLOBAL INFLUENCE. A. DIRECT IMPLEMENTATION IN RELATION TO ITS DIRECT IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMS, IN 2019, TOSTAN OPERATED IN 5 COUNTRIES AND HAD THE FOLLOWING REACH ACROSS ITS MAJOR PROGRAMS (COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT PROGRAM AND PEACE AND SECURITY): (CONTINUED ON SCHEDULE O) 6391804 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 1 0 1 4 1 0 1 ML GV PU SG GA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 9 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 AL CA FL GA IL MD MA NJ NM NY NC PA TN UT VA X X MALICK TOUNKARA 2025053925 5 CITE AELMAS OUEST FOIRE EN FACE DAKARYOFF SG MOLLY MELCHING FOUNDER 40.00 X 91200 0 28857 CHEIKH MBACKE CHAIRPERSON (UNTIL 11/2019) 3.00 X X 0 0 0 JENNIFER BEASTON HEDRICK TREASURER (UNTIL 11/2019) 1.00 X X 0 0 0 KELLY BAXTER SEC.; THEN CHAIR (TRANS. 11/2019) 1.00 X X 0 0 0 GAIL KANEB DIR.; THEN SECRETARY (TRANS 11/2019) 1.00 X X 0 0 0 THIABA CAMARA SY DIR.; THEN TREASURER (TRANS 11/2019) 2.00 X X 0 0 0 ANNE CHARLOTTE RINGQUIST DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 JAN CHRISTIANSEN DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 NEIL FORD DIRECTOR (UNTIL 11/2019) 1.00 X 0 0 0 DIAKA SALL DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 FATIMATA SY DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 MARY ELLEN CUNNINGHAM DIRECTOR (FROM 11/2019) 1.00 X 0 0 0 ELENA BONOMETTI CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER 40.00 X 131045 0 54448 KADJI DIOP CHIEF FIN. & OPER. OFF. (FROM 9/19) 40.00 X 38001 0 18216 260246 0 101521 1 0 1 0 SPRING IMPACT STUDIO 305 1890 BRYANT ST 305 SAN FRANCISCO CA 94110 SUPPORTING DEV. OF SCALING STRATEGY 112206 1 2298352 4675838 6974190 1202 1202 780335 456803 323532 323532 323532 1767 1947 -180 -180 -180 7298744 323532 0 1022 X 162001 162001 361768 181919 100622 79227 2656058 2162870 391921 101267 96830 92451 4379 298176 249378 39952 8846 38168 29967 6063 2138 16334 9809 4535 1990 85495 51342 23736 10417 78108 78108 1036554 669386 309459 57709 477820 414507 32369 30944 499779 483897 -3622 19504 131149 123583 5853 1713 1626407 1532579 72590 21238 56317 56317 PROGRAM TRAINING COSTS 209340 209340 EQUIPMENT 18775 18775 7849079 6391804 1044174 413101 3059960 2048525 575989 288747 5104714 661478 238038 258395 18479 25041 1583293 991551 505771 591742 508 1893 0 9504844 3874436 273452 301442 273452 301442 X 2158210 1699871 7073182 1873123 9231392 3572994 9504844 3874436 X -550335 -5108063 X 0 1 X 1 0 X RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED 271433 271433 458372 230879 227493 386241 473051 -86810 467247 287621 179626 591742 X 7298744 0 7298744 0 7298744 7849079 0 7849079 0 7849079 PART X, LINE 2: FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2019, TOSTAN HAS DOCUMENTED ITS CONSIDERATION OF FASB ASC 740-10, INCOME TAXES, THAT PROVIDES GUIDANCE FOR REPORTING UNCERTAINTY IN INCOME TAXES AND HAS DETERMINED THAT NO MATERIAL UNCERTAIN TAX POSITIONS QUALIFY FOR EITHER RECOGNITION OR DISCLOSURE IN THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS. 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 SCHEDULE E, PART I, LINE 3 TOSTAN HAS A RACIALLY NON-DISCRIMINATORY POLICY IN PLACE. HOWEVER, BECAUSE THE ORGANIZATION ONLY WORKS IN AFRICA, THE COMMUNITY IT SERVES IS AFRICAN, AS ARE 99% OF ITS EMPLOYEES. ADDITIONNALY, THE ORGANIZATION'S EDUCATION EFFORTS WITHIN COMMUNITIES ARE ONGOING AND THERE IS NOT SPECIFIC SOLICITATION OR REGISTRATION PERIOD. SCHEDULE E, PART I, LINE 6 DURING 2019, TOSTAN RECEIVED $1,995,638 OF NON-U.S. GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE, AND $302,714 OF U.S. GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE. 1 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 5 549 PROGRAM SERVICE ACTIVITIES COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT PROGRAMS 6090506 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1 40 MANAGEMENT & GENERAL 137955 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 0 0 GRANTS TO RECIPIENTS LOCATED IN THE REGION 162001 6 589 0 0 6 589 6390462 0 6390462 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA PROGRAM SUPPORT 162001 WIRE 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 PART I, LINE 2: TOSTAN AND THE GRANTEE SIGN A CONTRACT THAT DEFINES THE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT, THE BUDGET AND THE PAYMENT SCHEDULE. IN ADDITION, THE GRANTEE IS REQUIRED TO PROVIDE DETAILED EXPENSE REPORTS TO TOSTAN. PART III ACCOUNTING METHOD: X X X X X X 1 BLACK FOX PHILANTHROPY 2872 CASALON CIR SUPERIOR CO 80027 COMPREHENSIVE ENGAGEMENT TO TOSTAN'S PR/SOCIAL 0 0 50000 -50000 LOUISE F RUHR 121 ASH STREET EUGENE OR 97402 GRANT/WRITING 0 0 9600 -9600 MAY SOLIMAN 712 SABER CT FRANKLIN LAKES NJ 07417 PARTNERSHIP ADVISORY SERVICES 0 0 6425 -6425 SLOAN CONSULTING 51 WATER ST SHELBURNE FALLS MA 01370 CONSULTING STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT 0 0 12083 -12083 78108 -78108 AL CA CO CT DE DC FL GA IL MD MA NJ NM NY NC OH PA TN UT VA WA X 1 1 X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ELENA BONOMETTI CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER 131045 0 0 0 0 0 34495 0 19953 0 185493 0 0 0 PART I, LINE 1A TOSTAN PROVIDED HOUSING BENEFITS TO THE CEO AND CFOO. THE TOTAL AMOUNT PROVIDED IN 2019 WAS $20,519. FORM 990, PART III, LINE 4A, DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM SERVICE: GUINEA: TOSTAN WORKED WITH 40 COMMUNITIES, WITH A TOTAL OF 3,158 PARTICIPANTS. GUINEA-BISSAU: TOSTAN WORKED WITH 40 COMMUNITIES, WITH A TOTAL OF 3,577 PARTICIPANTS. MALI: TOSTAN WORKED WITH 80 COMMUNITIES, WITH A TOTAL OF 7,551 PARTICIPANTS. SENEGAL: TOSTAN WORKED WITH 19 COMMUNITIES, WITH A TOTAL OF 914 PARTICIPANTS. THE GAMBIA: TOSTAN WORKED WITH 30 COMMUNITIES, WITH A TOTAL OF 3,510 PARTICIPANTS. TOTAL NUMBER OF TOSTAN MAJOR PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS IN 2019 IN THE 5 COUNTRIES: 18,710 TOTAL NUMBER OF AFRICAN COMMUNITIES HOSTING IN TOSTAN'S 3 MAJOR PROGRAMS IN 2019: 209 TOSTAN ALSO CONDUCTED A WIDE RANGE OF PROGRAMMING ACTIVITIES, REACHING MANY HUNDREDS MORE COMMUNITIES. PLEASE SEE BELOW. COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT PROGRAM (CEP): OUR UNIQUE THREE-YEAR PROGRAM EMPOWERS COMMUNITY MEMBERS IN FIVE WEST AFRICAN COUNTRIES WITH THE SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE THEY NEED TO LEAD THEIR OWN DEVELOPMENT. THE CEP IS A NON-FORMAL EDUCATION PROGRAM, BASED ON HUMAN RIGHTS, AND IS IMPLEMENTED IN MORE THAN A DOZEN LOCAL LANGUAGES. IT COMBINES MODERN EDUCATION TECHNIQUES WITH TRADITIONAL AFRICAN ORAL TEACHING METHODS AND IS UNDERPINNED BY A RESPECTFUL APPROACH TO LOCAL BELIEFS AND CULTURE. IMPACT AREAS: OUR WORK USES A HOLISTIC APPROACH FOR COMMUNITY-LED DEVELOPMENT, AND OUR IMPACTS ARE FOUND ACROSS FIVE KEY AREAS: GOVERNANCE, EDUCATION, HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH. EACH RESULT AREA IS ELABORATED UPON BELOW: GOVERNANCE: CEP PARTICIPANTS LEARN ABOUT DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES, LEADERSHIP, DECISION-MAKING AND PROBLEM-SOLVING. EACH COMMUNITY DEMOCRATICALLY SELECTS 17 MEMBERS TO FORM A COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE (CMC) AND RECEIVES TRAINING IN THE SKILLS NECESSARY TO IMPLEMENT PROJECTS IN THEIR COMMUNITIES. THESE COMMITTEES CONSTITUTE A STRONG LEADERSHIP PRESENCE IN TOSTAN COMMUNITIES, CONTRIBUTING TO THE GROWTH OF GOOD GOVERNANCE AND DEMOCRACY. THEY WORK TO INCREASE DEMOCRATIC PARTICIPATION BY ENCOURAGING RESIDENTS TO REGISTER THEIR CHILDREN AT BIRTH, TO VOTE AND RUN FOR OFFICE AS WELL AS PARTICIPATE IN NATIONAL ELECTIONS. THE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP OF WOMEN IN CMCS IS HIGHLY ENCOURAGED, AND IN 2019, 100% OF CMCS IN GUINEA, GUINEA-BISSAU, MALI, AND SENEGAL HAD A MAJORITY OF FEMALE MEMBERS. THESE WOMEN EMERGE AS COMMUNITY LEADERS, ACTIVISTS, AND ROLE MODELS, SHOWING YOUNG GIRLS AND BOYS ALIKE THAT WOMEN CAN SUCCEED IN LEADERSHIP ROLES AND WORK ALONGSIDE MEN AS EQUALS. EDUCATION: CMCS ORGANIZED DURING THE CEP LEAD INITIATIVES THAT ENSURE GIRLS AND BOYS ARE ENROLLED IN SCHOOL. WHEN A FAMILY IS CONSIDERING REMOVING THEIR CHILD FROM SCHOOL, CMC MEMBERS MEET WITH THEM TO DISCUSS OTHER POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS. CHILD/FORCED MARRIAGE IS ONE PRACTICE THAT IS A KEY FACTOR IN DETERMINING WHETHER A GIRL WILL STAY IN SCHOOL. FOLLOWING THEIR PARTICIPATION IN OUR HOLISTIC PROGRAM, HUNDREDS OF COMMUNITIES ACROSS THE COUNTRIES IN WHICH WE WORK PLEDGED TO ABANDON CHILD/FORCED MARRIAGE IN 2019, BRINGING THE TOTAL NUMBER TO OVER 8,830 AS A RESULT, THOUSANDS OF GIRLS ARE LIKELY TO HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO STAY IN SCHOOL FOR LONGER, RATHER THAN BE MARRIED AT A YOUNG AGE. IN THE FINAL MODULE OF THE CEP, THE AAWDE, PARTICIPANTS LEARN TO READ AND WRITE IN THEIR LOCAL LANGUAGES AND RECEIVE SMS TEXT MESSAGES THROUGH THE MOBILE PHONES FOR LITERACY AND DEVELOPMENT (MPLD) MODULE, DESCRIBED BELOW, ENCOURAGES PARTICIPANTS TO PRACTICE AND SHARE THEIR NEWLY ACQUIRED LITERACY SKILLS. IN 2019 TOSTAN CONTINUED SEEKING OPPORTUNITIES TO INVEST IN OUR REINFORCEMENT OF PARENTAL PRACTICES (RPP) MODULE WHICH BUILDS ON KNOWLEDGE GAINED DURING THE CEP TO ENABLE PARENTS AND COMMUNITIES TO CREATE AN ENVIRONMENT WHICH SUPPORTS CHILDREN'S EARLY DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING IN ORDER TO BETTER PREPARE THEM FOR SUCCESS IN SCHOOL AND LIFE (SEE ALSO EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT BELOW) HEALTH: DURING THE CEP, PARTICIPANTS LEARN ABOUT THEIR RIGHT TO HEALTH AND THE RIGHT TO BE FREE FROM ALL FORMS OF VIOLENCE, ABOUT HYGIENE AND HOW DISEASES ARE SPREAD AND PREVENTED. THEY ALSO DISCUSS THE HEALTH RISKS OF HARMFUL PRACTICES SUCH AS FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING (FGC) AND CHILD/FORCED MARRIAGE. THE CEP ENCOURAGES COMMUNITY MEMBERS TO SHARE THE KNOWLEDGE THEY GAIN ABOUT HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS WITH THEIR SOCIAL NETWORKS, AND COMMUNITIES OFTEN LAUNCH SPECIFIC INITIATIVES TO IMPROVE CHILD AND MATERNAL HEALTH IN THEIR VILLAGES. COMMUNITIES RAISE AWARENESS ON THE IMPORTANCE OF VACCINATIONS AS WELL AS TAKING ACTION TO IMPROVE COMMUNITY HYGIENE AND PREVENTING DISEASES SUCH AS MALARIA. ENVIRONMENT: OUR CEP EQUIPS COMMUNITY MEMBERS WITH THE KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS TO FIND CREATIVE AND SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS. DURING THE CEP, PARTICIPANTS LEARN HOW DISEASES ARE TRANSMITTED AND HOW THIS IS LINKED TO UNHYGIENIC PRACTICES THAT CAN POLLUTE THE ENVIRONMENT. OUR RESPECTFUL AND NON-JUDGMENTAL APPROACH PROMOTES COMMUNITY DISCUSSION ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT. AS A RESULT, COMMUNITIES LEAD INITIATIVES TO MAKE THEIR ENVIRONMENTS MORE HYGIENIC IN ORDER TO PROTECT THE COMMUNITY'S HEALTH. COMMUNITIES ALSO USE THEIR PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS TO IMPLEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL INITIATIVES TO ADDRESS THEIR PARTICULAR NEEDS. ECONOMIC GROWTH: THE FINAL PHASE OF THE CEP, THE AAWDE, INCLUDES CLASS SESSIONS ON BASIC LITERACY, MATH, PROJECT MANAGEMENT, AND BUDGETING SKILLS THAT HELP PARTICIPANTS SUCCESSFULLY PLAN AND LAUNCH SMALL BUSINESSES IN THEIR COMMUNITIES. WE ALSO PROVIDE SMALL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT GRANTS TO CMCS. THE CMCS OFTEN USE THESE GRANTS TO ESTABLISH A ROTATING MICROCREDIT FUND THAT HELPS COMMUNITY MEMBERS, PARTICULARLY WOMEN, WITH THE INVESTMENT THEY NEED TO START SMALL BUSINESSES, INVEST IN AGRICULTURE, OR TAKE ON OTHER INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES. THE CMC ALSO ENCOURAGES COMMUNITY MEMBERS TO SAVE AND PLAN FOR THE FUTURE. CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES: IN ADDITION, OUR WORK ADDRESSES CROSS-CUTTING THEMES IMPORTANT FOR COMMUNITY WELL-BEING. THESE ISSUES INCLUDE CHILD PROTECTION, THE REINFORCEMENT OF PARENTAL PRACTICES, THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN AND GIRLS, AND FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING (FGC). WE BELIEVE THAT THESE CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES REQUIRE HOLISTIC AND HUMAN RIGHTS-BASED SOLUTIONS, AND OUR PROGRAM AIMS TO STRENGTHEN POSITIVE SOCIAL NORMS WHILE ADDRESSING THOSE WHICH LEAD TO HARMFUL PRACTICES. FGC: THE HUMAN RIGHTS-BASED CEP ALLOWS COMMUNITY MEMBERS TO DRAW THEIR OWN CONCLUSIONS ABOUT FGC AND LEAD THEIR OWN MOVEMENTS FOR CHANGE. IN THE CEP CLASS SESSIONS ON HUMAN RIGHTS, PARTICIPANTS LEARN ABOUT THEIR RIGHT TO HEALTH AND THE RIGHT TO BE FREE FROM ALL FORMS OF VIOLENCE. THEY ALSO DISCUSS THE RESPONSIBILITIES THEY SHARE TO PROTECT THESE RIGHTS IN THEIR COMMUNITY. IN SESSIONS ON HEALTH, THEY LEARN ABOUT THE POTENTIAL, IMMEDIATE, AND LONG-TERM HARMFUL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PRACTICE AND DISCUSS WAYS TO PREVENT THESE HEALTH PROBLEMS IN THE FUTURE. RATHER THAN BLAMING OR CRITICIZING, WE ENCOURAGE DIALOGUE AROUND THESE AND OTHER PRACTICES THAT COMMUNITIES FEEL HINDER THEIR VISION FOR THEIR COMMUNITY'S DEVELOPMENT. PARTICIPANTS AND COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE (CMC) MEMBERS SPEAK WITH FRIENDS AND FAMILY AS WELL AS TRAVEL TO OTHER COMMUNITIES TO RAISE AWARENESS ABOUT WHAT THEY HAVE LEARNED. THROUGH THIS PROCESS, MANY COMMUNITIES DECIDE TO END FGC TOGETHER, SOME WITHOUT HAVING DIRECTLY PARTICIPATED IN OUR CLASSES. FORM 990, PART III, LINE 4A, DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM SERVICE: CHILD PROTECTION: THROUGH OUR CEP MODULE ON CHILD PROTECTION, CMCS ARE TRAINED TO ADDRESS THE DEEP SOCIAL NORMS AND PRACTICES THAT NEGATIVELY AFFECT CHILDREN. THE CHILD PROTECTION MODULE TRAINING IS FOR CMC MEMBERS IN COMMUNITIES THAT HAVE IMPLEMENTED THE CEP. THE MODULE HELPS BUILD CONSENSUS AROUND HUMAN RIGHTS AND CHILDREN'S RIGHTS WHILE BUILDING AWARENESS OF THE VARIOUS MORAL, SOCIAL, AND LEGAL NORMS THAT AFFECT CHILDREN. INSTEAD OF FOCUSING ON IMMEDIATE RELIEF, THE MODULE HELPS COMMUNITIES ADDRESS THE DEEP SOCIAL NORMS AND PRACTICES THAT ARE AT THE SOURCE OF THESE ISSUES AFFECTING CHILDREN. IT EMPHASIZES THE IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION AND INTRODUCES IDEAS FOR HOW COMMUNITIES CAN WORK TOGETHER TO PROTECT THEIR CHILDREN. THE CHILD PROTECTION MODULE STRENGTHENS THE CAPACITY OF COMMUNITIES TO PROVIDE PROTECTION FOR CHILDREN AND PREVENT VIOLATIONS OF CHILDREN'S RIGHTS BY REINFORCING THE CAPACITIES OF COMMUNITIES AND THEIR SURROUNDING VILLAGES TO IDENTIFY AT-RISK CHILDREN, REINFORCING THE CAPACITIES OF COMMUNITIES TO PREVENT THE TRAFFICKING OR MIGRATION OF CHILDREN TO URBAN CENTERS, REINFORCING THE CAPACITIES OF COMMUNITIES TO HELP CHILDREN IN DIFFICULT SITUATIONS SUCH AS SEXUAL ABUSE, INCEST, FORCED MARRIAGE AND FGC, AND FOSTERING THE CREATION OF DYNAMIC AND FUNCTIONAL COMMISSIONS FOR CHILD PROTECTION IN ALL COMMUNITIES. ALL COMMUNITIES WHO PARTICIPATE IN THE CEP, SPECIFICALLY THE CMCS, ARE TRAINED IN THE CHILD PROTECTION MODULE. AFTER THE TRAINING, CMCS ESTABLISH COMMISSIONS FOR CHILD PROTECTION (CCPS), WHICH LEAD THE COMMUNITY IN ADVOCATING FOR CHILDREN'S RIGHTS AND TRANSFORMING EXISTING SOCIAL NORMS THAT SUSTAIN HARMFUL PRACTICES. THOUSANDS OF CHILDREN HAVE BEEN REGISTERED AT BIRTH BY CMCS, IMPROVING THEIR ACCESS TO SCHOOL AND LEGAL RECOGNITION. IN ADDITION TO LEADING THESE COMMUNITY-WIDE PROJECTS, CMCS ALSO INTERVENE DIRECTLY IN CASES OF CHILD ABUSE. TOSTAN IS ALSO IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE INGO LA RENCONTRE AFRICAINE POUR LA DFENSE DES DROITS DE L'HOMME (RADDHO) AND ANTI-SLAVERY INTERNATIONAL FOR THE CHILD PROTECTION PROJECT, REINFORCING HIGHER-LEVEL ADVOCACY FOR KORANIC SCHOOL REFORM WITH GRASSROOTS SOCIAL MOBILIZATION WORK AROUND ENDING CHILD BEGGING. THROUGH THE PROJECT 102 KORANIC SCHOOLS WITH 850 CHILDREN TOTAL HAVE ENDED CHILD BEGGING IN 2019. MANY ADDITIONAL CHILDREN HAVE SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCED BEGGING. KORANIC SCHOOLS HAVE IMPROVED THE LIVING CONDITIONS OF THEIR STUDENTS THANKS TO SUPPORT FROM THE PROJECT AND KORANIC SCHOOL TEACHERS PARTICIPATED IN MEETINGS EXCHANGING ON BEST PRACTICES TOWARDS THEIR STUDENTS. EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT: IN ORDER TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE, TOSTAN DEVELOPED THE REINFORCEMENT OF PARENTAL PRACTICES (RPP) MODULE BEGINNING IN 2012. THE MODULE AIMS TO REINFORCE KNOWLEDGE GAINED IN THE CEP THAT ENCOURAGES PARENTS AND OTHER COMMUNITY MEMBERS TO CREATE AN ENVIRONMENT FOR CHILDREN'S DEVELOPMENT. AS A RESULT, THE MODULE WILL HELP IMPROVE CHILDREN'S EARLY DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING, ALLOWING THEM TO PERFORM BETTER AND STAY IN SCHOOL. RESEARCH HAS SHOWN THAT CERTAIN SOCIAL NORMS AND TRADITIONAL PRACTICES IN SENEGAL CAN HINDER THE BRAIN DEVELOPMENT OF INFANTS. FOR EXAMPLE, THE BELIEF THAT INFANTS MUST BE PROTECTED FROM DANGEROUS SPIRITS: TO PROTECT THEM CERTAIN PARENTS AVOID LOOKING NEWBORN BABIES IN THE EYE AND SPEAKING REGULARLY AND DIRECTLY TO THEM. HOWEVER, RECENT DISCOVERIES ABOUT BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN YOUNG CHILDREN HAVE SHOWN IMPORTANCE OF STIMULATING INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PARENTS AND THEIR CHILDREN. DURING THE RPP MODULE, FACILITATORS SHARE WITH COMMUNITY MEMBERS SIMPLE TECHNIQUES THAT ENRICH INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PARENTS AND THEIR YOUNG CHILDREN AND ARE ALL LINKED TO CHILDREN'S BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS TO EDUCATION AND HEALTH. THESE TECHNIQUES INCLUDE SPEAKING TO THEIR YOUNG CHILDREN USING A RICH AND COMPLEX VOCABULARY, ASKING THEIR CHILDREN QUESTIONS AND HELPING THEM RESPOND, PLAYFULLY COPYING THEIR CHILDREN, TELLING THEM STORIES, AND DESCRIBING OBJECTS IN DETAIL TO THEM. PRIMARY CAREGIVERS IN EACH COMMUNITY ARE TRAINED TO TEACH OTHERS THE SAME SKILLS AFTER TOSTAN LEAVES. THIS MODULE HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY IMPLEMENTED IN WOLOF, PULAAR, AND MANDINKA COMMUNITIES IN SNGAL. IN 2019 TOSTAN CONTINUED ITS EFFORTS TO SCALE UP THIS IMPORTANT AREA OF WORK AND HOPES TO LAUNCH NEW RPP PROGRAMMING IN THE COMING YEARS. TOSTAN HAS CONTINUED TO DEVELOP PROGRAMMING AND OVERALL PROGRAMMING STRATEGIES FOCUSED ON DECENTRALIZED GOVERNANCE AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT WITH DECENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT SERVICES. IN 2019, TOSTAN CONTINUED DEVELOPMENT OF A CURRICULUM, NOW CALLED STRENGTHENING DEMOCRACY AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT, TO SUPPORT IMPROVED DECENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT SERVICES AND RESOURCES THROUGH AN APPROACH THAT TRAINS COMMUNITIES AND LOCALLY ELECTED OFFICIALS ALIKE. TOSTAN HAS ALSO ADOPTED THE BROADER SDCE FRAMEWORK AS CENTRAL PART OF ITS STRATEGIC ENGAGEMENT PLAN AND STRATEGIC SCALING PLAN FOR 2019-2022. IN 2019 TOSTAN WORKED WITH 85 COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT COMMITTEES 11 MUNICIPAL COUNCILS AND 1 DEPARTMENTAL COUNCIL IN MEDINA YORO FOULA IN SENEGAL AND TRAINED 12 MUNICIPAL COUNCILS IN KOULIKORO IN MALI. GOING FORWARD ALL DIRECT IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMS WILL BE DESIGNED TO CREATE COORDINATED SUPPORT FOR COMMUNITY WELL-BEING ACROSS DISTRICTS AND REGIONS. EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN AND GIRLS: WOMEN AND GIRLS MAKE UP MORE THAN HALF OF CEP PARTICIPANTS. DURING OUR PROGRAM, WOMEN DEVELOP LEADERSHIP SKILLS, ENGAGE IN DIALOGUE, AND DEMONSTRATE THEIR ABILITY TO MAKE IMPORTANT DECISIONS FOR THEMSELVES AND THEIR FAMILIES, SHOWING HOW IMPORTANT THEY ARE TO THEIR COMMUNITY'S DEVELOPMENT. WE ALSO WORK TO ENGAGE MEN AND BOYS IN THE CEP, ENCOURAGING THEM TO PARTICIPATE IN DISCUSSIONS ABOUT HUMAN RIGHTS. MEN AND WOMEN WORK TOGETHER TO PROMOTE EQUALITY AND DEVELOP NEW SOCIAL NORMS AROUND RESPECTING THE HUMAN RIGHTS AND DIGNITY OF ALL. WE ENCOURAGE WOMEN TO TAKE ON LEADERSHIP ROLES IN THEIR COMMUNITIES. COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT COMMITTEES: AS PART OF THE CEP, EACH PARTICIPATING COMMUNITY DEMOCRATICALLY SELECTS A CMC TO COORDINATE DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES. EACH CMC HAS 17 MEMBERS, NINE OF WHOM MUST BE WOMEN. EACH COMMITTEE IS MADE UP OF SEVERAL COMMISSIONS, INCLUDING HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT, CHILD PROTECTION, EDUCATION, INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES, AND SOCIAL MOBILIZATION, WHICH CONTINUE TO LEAD DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES AND PROMOTE HUMAN RIGHTS-BASED DEVELOPMENT LONG AFTER THE PROGRAM HAS FINISHED. ORGANIZED DIFFUSION: THROUGH ORGANIZED DIFFUSION, THE IMPACT OF THE TOSTAN PROGRAM IS MULTIPLIED. EACH CLASS MEMBER COMMITS TO SHARING THEIR KNOWLEDGE WITH AT LEAST ONE PERSON WITHIN THEIR FAMILY AND WIDER COMMUNITY, PERMITTING NEW IDEAS TO BE SPREAD QUICKLY THROUGH THE COMMUNITY AND BEYOND. EACH PARTNER COMMUNITY ADOPTS ANOTHER COMMUNITY WITHIN THEIR SOCIAL NETWORK, OPENING DIALOGUE AND ALLOWING NEIGHBORING OR INTRAMARRYING COMMUNITIES TO MAKE DECISIONS AS ONE GROUP. OUR WORK OFTEN STRETCHES ACROSS COUNTRY BORDERS TO CREATE IMPACTS ON A REGIONAL SCALE, SUCH AS THE INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT TO ABANDON FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING (FGC) AND CHILD/FORCED MARRIAGE. TOSTAN ALSO TRAINS DEDICATED SOCIAL MOBILIZATION TEAMS THAT VISIT COMMUNITIES THAT HAVE NEVER PARTICIPATED IN THE COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT PROGRAM TO REINFORCE INFORMATION SHARED THROUGH ORGANIZED DIFFUSION ACTIVITIES ON FGC, HEALTH AND RELIGION, ALLOWING COMMUNITIES TO ASK QUESTIONS AND BEGIN TO EXPLORE THESE ISSUES IN GREATER DEPTH AND ACROSS AGE AND GENDER DIVISIONS. IN 2019 THESE SOCIAL MOBILIZATION TEAMS WORKING BOTH DURING AND AFTER THE CEP VISITED HUNDREDS OF COMMUNITIES AND REACHED THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE. COMMUNITY GRANTS: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT GRANTS ARE SMALL GRANTS, USUALLY BETWEEN $300 AND $1,000, PROVIDED TO CMCS TO HELP FUND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AS WELL AS TO ESTABLISH CMC-RUN MICROCREDIT FUNDS. THE ROTATING MICROCREDIT FUNDS SET UP BY THE CMCS HELP VILLAGERS, PARTICULARLY WOMEN, OBTAIN THE INVESTMENT THEY NEED TO START SMALL BUSINESSES, INVEST IN AGRICULTURE, OR TAKE ON OTHER INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES. THE CMCS OPERATE THE MICROCREDIT FUND BASED ON A GROUP-LENDING, REVOLVING-FUNDS SYSTEM. THE CMC WORKS TOGETHER TO SET THE INTEREST RATE AND THE LENGTH OF THE LOANS THEY WILL GRANT. STRONG COMMUNITY TIES HELP ENCOURAGE A HIGH REPAYMENT RATE. THE INTEREST FROM THESE FUNDS IS THEN USED TO EXPAND THE NUMBER OF LOANS AVAILABLE, UNDERTAKE COMMUNITY PROJECTS, OR ESTABLISH A SOLIDARITY FUND FOR CHILDREN'S EDUCATIONAL EXPENSES AND EMERGENCY MEDICAL NEEDS. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT GRANTS GIVE CMCS AND INDIVIDUAL COMMUNITY MEMBERS THE OPPORTUNITY TO PUT THE LITERACY, NUMERACY, AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT KNOWLEDGE THEY GAINED DURING THE CEP INTO PRACTICE. THESE GRANTS PROVIDE A WAY FOR COMMUNITY MEMBERS TO PARTICIPATE IN INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES, ALLOWING THEM TO PROVIDE FOR THEIR FAMILIES AND SUSTAINABLY INVEST IN THEIR COMMUNITIES. FORM 990, PART III, LINE 4A, DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM SERVICE: IN 2019 TOSTAN SUPPORTED THESE GRANTS IN PARTNERSHIP WITH 30 COMMUNITIES IN THE GAMBIA, 40 IN GUINEA, 38 IN GUINEA-BISSAU, 42 IN SENEGAL. IN TOTAL 5,442 ACCESSED COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT FUNDS TO SUPPORT THEIR INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES IN 2019. MOBILE PHONE FOR LITERACY AND DEVELOPMENT (MPLD) MODULE: THE MODULE FOCUSES ON USING MOBILE PHONE TECHNOLOGY, SPECIFICALLY SMS TEXT MESSAGING, AS A TOOL TO REINFORCE LITERACY AND NUMERACY SKILLS, AND IS NOW AN INTEGRATED PART OF THE CEP. MOBILE PHONES AND THEIR NETWORKS ARE BECOMING INCREASINGLY MORE PREVALENT IN THE COMMUNITIES WITH WHICH WE PARTNER. WE FOUND THAT USING MOBILE PHONE TECHNOLOGY IS A RELEVANT AND INNOVATIVE WAY TO REINFORCE LITERACY AND NUMERACY SKILLS LEARNED IN THE CEP. TOSTAN FACILITATORS TEACH PARTICIPANTS THE PRACTICAL USES OF STANDARD MOBILE PHONE FUNCTIONS AND HOW SMS TEXTING CAN BE USED AS A TOOL TO PRACTICE THEIR LITERACY SKILLS. THE MOBILE PHONES ARE USED TO REINFORCE LITERACY, ORGANIZATION, AND MANAGEMENT SKILLS, AS WELL AS TO BUILD CONSENSUS AROUND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES. SMS TEXTING BECOMES A SUSTAINABLE AND RELEVANT OPTION FOR REINFORCING LITERACY AND NUMERACY AS ACCESS TO MOBILE PHONE TECHNOLOGY INCREASES. MOBILE PHONES AND SMS TEXT MESSAGING CAN BE USED AS A TOOL TO ACCELERATE POSITIVE SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION. THEY CONNECT WOMEN WITH EACH OTHER AND WITH THEIR COMMUNITIES; AMPLIFY THE VOICE AND INFLUENCE OF YOUTH AND MARGINALIZED GROUPS IN A COMMUNITY'S DECISION-MAKING PROCESS; ORGANIZING ADVOCACY WORK; AND ACCELERATE LARGE-SCALE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS. ALL COMMUNITIES BENEFITING FROM THE CEP (SEE ABOVE) ARE BENEFITTING OR WILL BENEFIT FROM TOSTAN'S MPLD PROGRAMMING DURING THE 3-YEAR CEP PERIOD. THE PEACE AND SECURITY PROGRAM: THE PEACE AND SECURITY PROGRAM REINFORCES CONFLICT PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT SKILLS LEARNED DURING THE CEP THROUGH ADDITIONAL CLASSES OVER SIX MONTHS AND ESTABLISHES A COMMUNITY-LED STRUCTURE TO LEAD AND STRENGTHEN PEACE-BUILDING AND HUMAN SECURITY AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL. SKILLS LEARNED INCLUDE IMPROVED COMMUNICATION AND PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS AS WELL AS THE PEACEFUL RESOLUTION OF COMMUNITY AND FAMILIAL CONFLICTS. PEACE AND SECURITY PROGRAMMING IN 2019 REACHED A TOTAL OF 122 COMMUNITIES ACROSS SENEGAL AND THE GAMBIA. THE PEACE COMMITTEES TRAINED DURING THIS PROGRAM CARRIED OUT HUNDREDS OF ADVOCACY AND AWARENESS RAISING ACTIVITIES ON HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMAN SECURITY AND PEACEFUL CONFLICT RESOLUTION. A TOTAL OF 612 CONFLICTS WERE REPORTED TO BE RESOLVED; 16 INTER-VILLAGE MEETINGS, 8 ZONAL MEETINGS AND 2 CROSS BORDER MEETINGS WERE HELD. THIS PROGRAM SEES WOMEN IN PARTICULAR TAKE ON MORE ACTIVE ROLES IN COMMUNITY LEADERSHIP. THE PRISON PROJECT: AIMS TO HELP DETAINEES REINTEGRATE BACK INTO THEIR COMMUNITIES THROUGH PARTICIPATION IN A MODIFIED VERSION OF THE CEP. PARTICIPATION BUILDS THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND EQUIPS THEM WITH PRACTICAL SKILLS TO START INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES. WE ALSO FACILITATE FAMILY MEDITATIONS TO HELP INTEGRATE FORMER DETAINEES BACK INTO THEIR COMMUNITIES UPON RELEASE. AN INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT ADDRESSING PRISON CONDITIONS IN AFRICA ALLOWS PRISONS TO FORM PARTNERSHIPS WITH ORGANIZATIONS AND NGOS LIKE TOSTAN TO PROVIDE REHABILITATION SERVICES. THESE SERVICES ENCOURAGE SUCCESSFUL REINTEGRATION OF PRISONERS INTO SOCIETY UPON THEIR RELEASE. AS PART OF THE MODIFIED VERSION OF THE CEP WE IMPLEMENT IN PRISONS, FACILITATORS LEAD CLASS DISCUSSIONS ON TOPICS INCLUDING HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION, PROBLEM SOLVING, HYGIENE, HEALTH, AND LITERACY, AS WELL AS PROVIDE FAMILY MEDIATION AND SKILL TRAININGS IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES. UPON RELEASE, PARTICIPANTS ALSO HAVE ACCESS TO START-UP FUNDS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SMALL BUSINESSES. THE REVENUE GENERATED FROM THE SKILLS TRAININGS AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE PRISONERS WHO ARE STILL IMPRISONED MAKE THESE FUNDS POSSIBLE. IN 2019 THE PRISON PROJECT (PP) WORKED IN NINE SENEGALESE PRISONS. IN 2019, 872 DETAINEES PARTICIPATED IN CEP SESSIONS ON DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES, PROBLEM SOLVING, HEALTH AND HYGIENE, AND PRACTICAL SKILLS IN LITERACY, NUMERACY, PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES. TOSTAN SUPERVISORS HELD AN ADDITIONAL 62 AWARENESS-RAISING SESSIONS TO REINFORCE CLASS CONTENT AND DEAL WITH SPECIFIC ISSUES RELEVANT TO EACH PRISON, SUCH AS INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION.SEVERAL INITIATIVES TO IMPROVE LIVING CONDITIONS WERE LED BY DETAINEES INCLUDING CELL CLEANING DAYS; SPORTS COMPETITIONS; COOKING; AND CLASSES TEACHING WOLOF, FRENCH AND ENGLISH AND THE INTERPRETATION OF RELIGIOUS TEXTS. TOSTAN STAFF FACILITATED A TOTAL OF 559 IN-PERSON MEDIATIONS AND 7,300 TELEPHONE MEDIATIONS. 749 DETAINEES WERE TRAINED IN INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES SUCH AS POULTRY FARMING, FABRIC DYEING, SHOE AND BAG MAKING, MARKET GARDENING, AND FRUIT AND CEREAL PROCESSING. IN HONOR OF THE INTERNATIONAL DAY OF THE WOMAN, A CELEBRATION AND OPEN HOUSE WAS HELD AT THE THIES PRISON. B. TRAINING AND REPLICATION TOSTAN HAS BUILT TRAINING PROGRAMS AND PARTNERSHIP MODELS DESIGNED TO SHARE THE ORGANIZATION'S CONTENT, APPROACH, METHODOLOGY AND STRATEGY WITH A RANGE OF POTENTIAL PARTNERS. EACH YEAR THE TOSTAN TRAINING CENTER (THE TTC WELCOMES INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PRACTITIONERS AND GRASSROOTS LEADERS FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD TO SENEGAL TO LEARN ABOUT TOSTAN'S MODEL. NGO LEADERS, HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND ACADEMICS, RELIGIOUS LEADERS AND OTHERS COME TOGETHER TO LEARN AND EXCHANGE ON TOSTAN'S PROGRAM CONTENT, HUMAN RIGHTS APPROACH, PARTICIPATORY METHODOLOGY AND ORGANIZED DIFFUSION STRATEGY. PARTICIPANTS EXPLORE THE THEORIES AND PRACTICES OF HOLISTIC COMMUNITY-LED DEVELOPMENT, VISIT VILLAGES THAT HAVE ENDED FGC AND CHILD MARRIAGE AFTER PARTICIPATING IN THE COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT PROGRAM, AND DISCUSS EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR CHANGING DEEPLY ENTRENCHED SOCIAL NORMS WITH STAFF WORKING IN THE FIELD. THEY ALSO PARTICIPATE IN HUMAN RIGHTS SESSIONS DRAWN FROM THE TOSTAN PROGRAM AND COVER IMPORTANT LESSONS LEARNED FROM OVER 27 YEARS OF IMPLEMENTATION. IN 2019, 155 PEOPLE FROM 16 COUNTRIES ATTENDED TOSTAN TRAININGS. C. GLOBAL INFLUENCE AND RECOGNITION: TOSTAN IS INCREASINGLY SEEKING WAYS IN WHICH TO EXCHANGE WITH AND INFLUENCE THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY. THROUGH PARTICIPATION IN GLOBAL AND REGIONAL CONFERENCES AS WELL AS MEMBERSHIP IN NETWORKS OF THOUGHT-LEADERS AND PARTNERS, TOSTAN WAS ABLE TO POSITION ITSELF AS A LEADER IN THE GLOBAL CONVERSATION ON SYSTEMS CHANGE. TOSTAN WAS ABLE TO ATTEND THE BELLAGIO PHILANTHROPIC COLLABORATION FOR LARGE SCALE CHANGE CONFERENCE, THE THOMPSON REUTERS TRUST CONFERENCE, AND THE WORLD JUSTICE FORUM AMONG MANY OTHERS. THE ORGANIZATION ALSO CONTINUED TO PLAY A ROLE IN SEVERAL LEADING NETWORKS OF ORGANIZATIONS. IN 2019 TOSTAN CONTINUED TO RECEIVE HIGH-LEVEL RECOGNITION FOR ITS WORK. NOTABLY, PHILANTHROPIST MELINDA GATES FEATURED TOSTAN IN HER NEW BOOK "THE MOMENT OF LIFT". THE ORGANIZATION AND ITS LEADERSHIP AND PROGRAMS WERE FEATURED IN MANY NEWS ARTICLES IN LEADING NEWS AND ACADEMIC PUBLICATIONS AND PARTICIPATED IN A WIDE RANGE OF CONFERENCES AT LOCAL AND GLOBAL LEVEL. THESE ARE DOCUMENTED AND AVAILABLE ON TOSTAN'S WEBSITE. 2019, 2020 AND BEYOND: FUTURE PERSPECTIVES. AT THE CLOSE OF 2019 TOSTAN'S ANNUAL PLAN FOR 2020 INCLUDES CONTINUED PROGRAMMATIC INVESTMENTS IN ALL THREE OF THE PATHWAYS TOSTAN IS FOLLOWING IN ORDER TO SCALE COMMUNITY WELL-BEING: DIRECT IMPLEMENTATION, TRAINING AND REPLICATION, AND GLOBAL INFLUENCE. FORM 990, PART I LINE 5 AND PART V, LINE 2A: THE ORGANIZATION ALSO HAS ADDITIONAL STAFF OF 589 LOCATED IN AFRICA. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 11B THE FORM 990 WAS PREPARED BY THE OUTSIDE ACCOUNTANTS. A DRAFT OF THE RETURN WAS REVIEWED BY SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND FINANCE COMMITTEE. THE FINAL FORM 990 WAS PROVIDED TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS BEFORE FILING WITH THE IRS. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 12C ALL EMPLOYEES AND BOARD MEMBERS ARE ASKED TO ANNUALLY SUBMIT ANY CONFLICTS OF INTEREST IN WRITING. NEW HIRES WILL BE ASKED IF THERE IS A CONFLICT AND NOTICE WILL BE GIVEN TO THE SENIOR MANAGEMENT IMMEDIATELY AND BOARD YEARLY. IF A CONFLICT ARISES, THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS DETERMINE WHETHER THE CONFLICT EXISTS AND, IF SO, THE BOARD VOTES TO AUTHORIZE OR REJECT THE TRANSACTION OR TAKE ANY OTHER ACTION DEEMED NECESSARY TO ADDRESS THE CONFLICT AND PROTECT TOSTAN'S BEST INTERESTS. BOARD MEMBERS HAVE A DUTY TO DISCLOSE ANY POSSIBLE CONFLICT OF INTEREST. THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS DETERMINES WHETHER A CONFLICT OF INTEREST EXISTS AND, IF SO THE BOARD VOTES TO AUTHORIZE OR REJECT THE TRANSACTION OR TAKE ANY OTHER ACTION DEEMED NECESSARY TO ADDRESS THE CONFLICT AND PROTECT TOSTAN'S BEST INTERESTS. VOTES WILL BE BY A MAJORITY VOTE, WITHOUT COUNTING THE VOTE OF ANY INTERESTED DIRECTOR, EVEN IF THE DISINTERESTED DIRECTORS ARE LESS THAN A QUORUM PROVIDED THAT AT LEAST ONE CONSENTING DIRECTOR IS DISINTERESTED. AN INTERESTED BOARD MEMBER, OFFICER, OR STAFF MEMBER WILL NOT PARTICIPATE IN ANY DISCUSSION OR DEBATE OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS, OR OF ANY COMMITTEE OR SUBCOMMITTEE IN WHICH THE SUBJECT OF DISCUSSION IS A CONTRACT, TRANSACTION, OR SITUATION IN WHICH THERE MAY BE A PERCEIVED OR ACTUAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST. HOWEVER, THEY MAY BE PRESENT TO PROVIDE CLARIFYING INFORMATION IN SUCH A DISCUSSION OR DEBATE UNLESS OBJECTED TO BY ANY PRESENT BOARD OR COMMITTEE MEMBER. ANYONE IN A POSITION TO MAKE DECISIONS ABOUT SPENDING TOSTAN'S RESOURCES (I.E., TRANSACTIONS SUCH AS PURCHASES CONTRACTS) - WHO ALSO STANDS TO BENEFIT FROM THAT DECISION - HAS A DUTY TO DISCLOSE THAT CONFLICT AS SOON AS IT ARISES (OR BECOMES APPARENT); S/HE WILL NOT PARTICIPATE IN ANY FINAL DECISIONS. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 15 THE BOARD COMMITTEE REVIEWS COMPARABLE SALARIES BEFORE MAKING ANY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SENIOR STAFF SALARIES. THE PROCESS IS DOCUMENTED. A REVIEW WAS LAST CONDUCTED IN JANUARY 2018. THE BOARD COMMITTEE ALSO REVIEWS COMPARABLE SALARIES BEFORE MAKING ANY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE KEY EMPLOYEES SALARIES. THE PROCESS IS DOCUMENTED. TOSTAN'S COMPENSATION POLICY IS TO PAY AT THE 25TH PERCENTILE OF THE MARKET FOR SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND TOWARDS THE 75TH PERCENTILE FOR AROUND 589 AFRICAN STAFF MEMBERS IN THE FIELD. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION C, LINE 19 THE ORGANIZATION MAKES ITS GOVERNING DOCUMENTS, CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY, AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC UPON REQUEST. FORM 990, PART IX, LINE 11G PROFESSIONAL FEES: PROGRAM SERVICE EXPENSES 669,386. MANAGEMENT AND GENERAL EXPENSES 309,459. FUNDRAISING EXPENSES 57,709. TOTAL EXPENSES 1,036,554. FORM 990, PART XI, LINE 9: EXCHANGE RATE LOSS -3,349. DURING 2019, TOSTAN ADOPTED ASU 2018-08, NOT-FOR-PROFIT ENTITIES (TOPIC 958): CLARIFYING THE SCOPE AND ACCOUNTING GUIDANCE FOR CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVED AND CONTRIBUTIONS MADE. IN CONNECTION WITH THE ADOPTION OF THIS ASU, TOSTAN RESTATED ITS BEGINNING NET ASSETS TO PROPERLY REFLECT THE RETROSPECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ASU. -5,104,714.