2021-05-14T13:49:32-05:00 2020-06-30 221478099 COHNREZNICK LLP 101 CRAWFORDS CORNER ROAD SUITE 2316 HOLMDEL NJ 07733 990 2019-07-01 132998164 LAW SCHOOL ADMISSION COUNCIL C/O KELLYE TESTY LAWS 2159681298 662 PENN STREET NEWTOWN PA 18940 KELLYE Y TESTY PRESIDENT AND CEO 2159681298 2021-05-14 1 LORI ROTHE YOKOBOSKY CPA P01273422 7325780700 2021-05-05 2019 2022-09-23 18:48:47Z KELLYE Y TESTY 662 PENN STREET NEWTOWN PA 18940 196853089 0 X WWW.LSAC.ORG X 1979 PA LSAC WAS FORMED TO CONSTRUCT, ADMINISTER & REPORT SCORES FOR ADMISSION TO LAW SCHOOLS, CONDUCT EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH, AND PROVIDE SERVICES TO LAW SCHOOLS & EDUCATIONAL COMMUNITY. 22 21 424 22 140595 24556 0 0 67432994 66733843 13762546 4925775 8183403 6578245 89378943 78237863 1807271 1277653 0 0 43462189 51432954 0 0 0 46255608 61836782 91525068 114547389 -2146125 -36309526 298155106 258854616 57314407 57319210 240840699 201535406 THE LAW SCHOOL ADMISSION COUNCIL WILL BE A GLOBAL LEADER IN PROMOTING INNOVATIVE ASSESSMENTS, ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES FOR LAW SCHOOLS AND STUDENTS, EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS, DIVERSITY INITIATIVES AND OTHER ACTIVITIES. 0 0 86502977 1277653 73235695 ADMINISTERED 164,053 LAW SCHOOL ADMISSION TESTS (LSAT). PROVIDED THE LAW SCHOOL CREDENTIAL ASSEMBLY SERVICE (CAS) FOR 41,351 CANDIDATES. PREPARED AND SENT 364,814 REPORTS TO LAW SCHOOLS ON BEHALF OF CANDIDATES, CONDUCTED EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH FOR THE LEGAL COMMUNITY. 3918653 74950 HELD 10 NATIONAL LAW SCHOOL FORUMS TO ACQUAINT STUDENTS WITH THEIR LEGAL EDUCATION ALTERNATIVES. HELD VARIOUS TRAINING AND EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR MEMBER LAW SCHOOL ADMISSION PROFESSIONALS. 8381871 CONDUCTED PROGRAM AND RESEARCH IN ADVANCEMENT OF UNDERREPRESENTED INDIVIDUALS IN LEGAL EDUCATION. 98803501 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1797 0 1 424 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 22 21 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 X KELLYE Y TESTY 2159681298 662 PENN STREET NEWTOWN PA 18940 ANGELA ONWUACHI-WILLIG TRUSTEE 1.50 X 0 0 0 AVIAM SOIFER TRUSTEE 1.50 X 0 0 0 CHRIS GUTHRIE TRUSTEE 1.50 X 0 0 0 DAVID KIRSCHNER TRUSTEE 1.50 X 0 0 0 ELENA MARTY-NELSON TRUSTEE 1.50 X 0 0 0 ELLA MAE ESTRADA TRUSTEE 1.50 X 0 0 0 GARRY JENKINS ASSESSMENTS COMMITTEE CHAIR 1.50 X 0 0 0 GISELLE JOACHIM OUTGOING TRUSTEE 1.50 X 0 0 0 GREGORY BOWMAN AUDIT COMMITTEE CHAIR 1.50 X 0 0 0 IAIN L E DAVIS TRUSTEE 1.50 X 0 0 0 JOHN VALERY WHITE INVESTMENT COMMITTEE CHAIR 1.50 X 0 0 0 JORGE GARCIA TRUSTEE 1.50 X 0 0 0 KELLYE Y TESTY PRESIDENT AND CEO 37.50 X X 839448 0 25255 KEVIN K WASHBURN CURRENT BOARD CHAIR 1.50 X X 0 0 0 KRISTIN TEIS-ALVAREZ DIVERSITY, EQUITY AND INCLUSION COMMITTEE CHAIR 1.50 X 0 0 0 MARCILYNN BURKE TRUSTEE 1.50 X 751 0 0 MICHAEL DONNELLY-BOYLEN SCHOOLS AND CANDIDATES COMMITTEE CHAIR 1.50 X 670 0 0 MICHAEL STATES TRUSTEE 1.50 X 0 0 0 MICHAEL WATERSTONE TRUSTEE 1.50 X 667 0 0 MYA RIMON TRUSTEE 1.50 X 0 0 0 PAUL PATON TRUSTEE 1.50 X 0 0 0 RENEE POST FINANCE & BUDGET COMMITTEE CHAIR 1.50 X 0 0 0 RICHARD SCHMALBECK TRUSTEE 1.50 X 0 0 0 MARJORIE LARUE BRITT CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER 37.50 X 395569 0 31079 ANNMARIE LEVINS CHIEF STRATEGY OFFICER 37.50 X 430953 0 45363 KEITH BLACK OUTGOING CHIEF HUMAN RESOURCE OFFICER 37.50 X 347582 0 35933 LEANNE M SHANK GENERAL COUNSEL AND CORPORATE SECRETARY 37.50 X 382510 0 26735 TROY LOWRY DIRECTOR OF SOFTWARE SERVI 37.50 X 408485 0 31471 VIVIAN BOWDEN SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT OF S 37.50 X 378164 0 30552 3184799 0 226388 121 0 1 0 M SQUARED 1535 5TH AVE W SEATTLE WA 98119 MARKETING 257705 300 DEGREES PLLC 1420 FIFTH AVENUE SUITE 1400 SEATTLE WA 98101 LEGAL 236000 MORGAN LEWIS & BOCKIUS LLP 77 W WACKER DR CHICAGO IL 60601 LEGAL 213470 PERKINS COIE LLP 1201 THIRD AVE SEATTLE WA 98101 LEGAL 203418 EDUCATION COUNSEL INC 101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW SUITE 90 WASHINGTON DC 20001 LEGAL 190773 9 ADMISSION FEES : LSAT 611710 33024412 33024412 ADMISSION FEES : CAS 611710 29825547 29825547 FOREIGN LLM 611710 2290165 2290165 MPRE TEST ADMINISTRATION 611710 1478666 1478666 FORUM AND WORKSHOP FEES 611710 74950 74950 40103 40103 66733843 473855 140595 333260 377324 375881 1443 1443 1443 122434550 107735998 10246632 14698552 -10246632 4451920 4451920 1920672 256715 1663957 1663957 LICENSING FEE 611710 3822270 3822270 APPLICATION PROCESSING FEES 611710 1090575 1090575 4912845 78237863 73310645 140595 4786623 X 1239691 1239691 37962 37962 1326356 1131363 194993 34713775 29610350 5103425 4367757 3725634 642123 8428948 7189771 1239177 2596118 2214451 381667 868360 868360 49964 49964 434582 434582 12071754 10297032 1774722 231827 197745 34082 7224062 6162021 1062041 4330378 3693750 636628 645052 550220 94832 3539978 3019550 520428 389267 332039 57228 587316 587316 8172512 6971035 1201477 416811 416811 TEST ADMINISTRATION 14747561 14747561 FEE WAIVER 5107031 5107031 REPAIRS & MAINTENANCE 1373615 1171674 201941 OTHER EXPENSES 904667 771668 132999 742045 632953 109092 114547389 98803501 15743888 0 310161 1133469 16101891 17852596 4831427 4417742 245699 145837 3940941 2438478 90500115 54145329 42411971 36354786 105591385 68325267 124588086 125120158 133545 3066283 298155106 258854616 9289841 11628792 8817005 12520698 175000 150000 18157242 16237839 20875319 16781881 57314407 57319210 X 229041174 201535406 11799525 0 240840699 201535406 298155106 258854616 X -36309526 -9250195 6254428 X X 0 1 X 1 0 X 52805009 56618444 63017640 69817820 68654515 310913428 52805009 56618444 63017640 69817820 68654515 310913428 0 0 0 310913428 1180889 921781 1113921 1218357 721950 5156898 1180889 921781 1113921 1218357 721950 5156898 28552 28552 4619636 4785155 5381756 5884482 4912845 25583874 58605534 62325380 69541869 76920659 74289310 341682752 0.90990 0.90290 0.01510 0.01850 X SCHEDULE A, PART III, LINE 12, EXPLANATION OF OTHER INCOME: LICENSING FEE - 2015 AMOUNT: $ 4,102,567. 2016 AMOUNT: $ 4,281,961. 2017 AMOUNT: $ 4,375,072. 2018 AMOUNT: $ 4,991,807. 2019 AMOUNT: $ 3,822,270. APPLICATION PROCESSING FEES - 2015 AMOUNT: $ 517,069. 2016 AMOUNT: $ 503,194. 2017 AMOUNT: $ 1,006,684. 2018 AMOUNT: $ 892,675. 2019 AMOUNT: $ 1,090,575. 871219 871219 21465596 14700254 6765342 34876710 24446299 10430411 33286590 14998776 18287814 36354786 HEDGE FUNDS 32817863 F INTERNATIONAL EQUITY FUNDS 37075829 F US EQUITY FUNDS 22995746 F PRIVATE EQUITY FUNDS 17948684 F FIXED INCOME FUNDS 14132036 F LSAG INDIA 150000 F 125120158 ACCRUED POSTRETIREMENT BENEFIT 16781476 OTHER LIABILITIES 405 16781881 X 80599028 -9250195 1166714 -8083481 88682509 434582 -10879228 -10444646 78237863 120002688 10996912 10996912 109005776 434582 5107031 5541613 114547389 PART X, LINE 2: MANAGEMENT HAS ANALYZED THE TAX POSITIONS TAKEN BY THE ORGANIZATION AND HAS CONCLUDED THAT AS OF JUNE 30, 2020 AND 2019, THERE ARE NO UNCERTAIN TAX POSITIONS TAKEN OR EXPECTED TO BE TAKEN THAT WOULD REQUIRE THE RECOGNITION OF A LIABILITY OR DISCLOSURE IN THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS. THE ORGANIZATION RECOGNIZES ACCRUED INTEREST OR PENALTIES ASSOCIATED WITH UNCERTAIN TAX POSITIONS, IF ANY. THERE WERE NO INCOME-TAX RELATED INTEREST OR PENALTIES RECORDED FOR THE YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 2020 AND 2019. PART XI, LINE 2D - OTHER ADJUSTMENTS: POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS 6,254,428. RELATED ORGANIZATION REVENUE 19,317. FEE WAIVER -5,107,031. PART XI, LINE 4B - OTHER ADJUSTMENTS: RECLASSIFIED LOSS ON DISPOSAL OF FIXED ASSETS -10,246,632. RECLASSIFIED RENTAL EXPENSES -375,881. RECLASSIFIED COGS -256,715. PART XII, LINE 2D - OTHER ADJUSTMENTS: RECLASSIFIED LOSS ON DISPOSAL OF FIXED ASSETS 10,246,632. RECLASSIFIED RENTAL EXPENSES 375,881. RECLASSIFIED COGS 256,715. RELATED ORGANIZATION EXPENSES 117,684. PART XII, LINE 4B - OTHER ADJUSTMENTS: FEE WAIVER 5,107,031. 0 NORTH AMERICA 0 0 PROGRAM SERVICES ADMINISTER TEST 1283474 EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 0 0 PROGRAM SERVICES ADMINISTER TEST 173365 EUROPE (INCLUDING ICELAND & GREENLAND) 0 0 PROGRAM SERVICES ADMINISTER TEST 53912 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 0 0 PROGRAM SERVICES ADMINISTER TEST 2205 SOUTH ASIA 0 0 PROGRAM SERVICES ADMINISTER TEST 457866 SOUTH AMERICA 0 0 PROGRAM SERVICES ADMINISTER TEST 1556 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 0 0 PROGRAM SERVICES ADMINISTER TEST 4951 RUSSIA AND NEIGHBORING STATES 0 0 PROGRAM SERVICES ADMINISTER TEST 3656 0 0 0 0 0 0 1980985 0 1980985 EUROPE (INCLUDING ICELAND & GREENLAND) - ALBANIA, ANDORRA, AUSTRIA, BELGIUM RESEARCH 37962 CHECK 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 PART III ACCOUNTING METHOD: SCHEDULE F, PART 1, LINE 2 GRANTS FOR MORE THAN $5,000 ARE INITIALLY REVIEWED BY SPECIAL LSAC SUB-COMMITTEES, IF APPLICABLE AND ARE THEN REFERRED TO THE DESIGNATED LSAC STANDING COMMITTEE - DIVERSITY INITIATIVES, TEST DEVELOPMENT & RESEARCH (TD&R), OR SERVICES & PROGRAMS (S&P). THE COMMITTEES REVIEW AND DISCUSS GRANT REQUESTS AND MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE LSAC BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR FINAL APPROVAL. THE LSAC BOARD HAS THE OPPORTUNITY TO DISCUSS THE GRANT REQUESTS FURTHER PRIOR TO THEIR APPROVAL. UPON APPROVAL, A CONTRACT IS DRAWN UP WHICH STATES THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THE GRANT, INCLUDED DELIVERABLES AND PAYMENT SCHEDULES. THE ACTUAL PAYMENTS ARE MADE BASED UPON THE GRANTEE MEETING THE STATED TERMS OF THE CONTRACT. AN INDIVIDUAL AT LSAC IS DESIGNATED TO FOLLOW UP TO ENSURE THAT THE TERMS OF EACH GRANT CONTRACT ARE MET. 1 AMERICAN INDIAN LAW CENTER PO BOX 4456 ALBUQUERQUE NM 87196 850250024 501(3) 125000 DIVERSITY FUND ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN LAW SCHOOLS 1614 20TH STREET NW WASHINGTON DC 20009 941450490 501(3) 50000 RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 975 BASCOM MALL MADISON WI 53706 390743975 501(3) 25000 DIVERSITY FUND UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON 4604 CALHOUN RD HOUSTON TX 77204 741732551 501(3) 25000 DIVERSITY FUND UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA BOX 870382 TUSCALOOSA AL 35487 636063964 501(3) 25000 DIVERSITY FUND UNIVERSITY OF AKRON 150 UNIVERSITY AVE AKRON OH 44325 346575496 501(3) 25000 DIVERSITY FUND ST JOHN'S UNIV LAW SCHOOL 8000 UTOPIA PKWY QUEENS NY 11439 111630830 501(3) 25000 DIVERSITY FUND DUKE UNIVERSITY 210 SCIENCE DR DURHAM NC 27708 560532129 501(3) 25000 DIVERSITY FUND CHAPMAN UNIVERSITY ONE UNIVERSITY CA ORANGE CA 92866 951643992 501(3) 25000 DIVERSITY FUND ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN LAW SCHOOLS 1614 20TH STREET NW WASHINGTON DC 20009 941450490 501(3) 10000 DIVERSITY FUND STREET LAW 1010 WAYNE AVE SILVER SPRINGS MD 20910 522015256 501(3) 5300 DIVERSITY FUND 11 PART I, LINE 2: GRANTS FOR MORE THAN $5,000 ARE INITIALLY REVIEWED BY SPECIAL LSAC SUB-COMMITTEES, IF APPLICABLE AND ARE THEN REFERRED TO THE DESIGNATED LSAC STANDING COMMITTEE - DIVERSITY INITIATIVES, TEST DEVELOPMENT & RESEARCH (TD&R), OR SERVICES & PROGRAMS (S&P). THE COMMITTEES REVIEW AND DISCUSS GRANT REQUESTS AND MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE LSAC BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR FINAL APPROVAL. THE LSAC BOARD HAS THE OPPORTUNITY TO DISCUSS THE GRANT REQUESTS FURTHER PRIOR TO THEIR APPROVAL. UPON APPROVAL A CONTRACT IS DRAWN UP WHICH STATES THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THE GRANT, INCLUDING DELIVERABLES AND PAYMENT SCHEDULES. THE ACTUAL PAYMENTS ARE MADE BASED UPON THE GRANTEE MEETING THE STATED TERMS OF THE CONTRACT. AN INDIVIDUAL AT LSAC IS DESIGNATED TO FOLLOW UP TO ENSURE THAT THE TERMS OF THE GRANT CONTRACT ARE MET. X X X X 1 1 X X X X 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 KELLYE Y TESTY PRESIDENT AND CEO 758497 0 0 0 80951 0 25000 0 255 0 864703 0 0 0 MARJORIE LARUE BRITT CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER 357989 0 0 0 37580 0 25000 0 6079 0 426648 0 0 0 ANNMARIE LEVINS CHIEF STRATEGY OFFICER 400024 0 0 0 30929 0 25000 0 20363 0 476316 0 0 0 KEITH BLACK OUTGOING CHIEF HUMAN RESOURCE OFFICE 268835 0 0 0 78747 0 17176 0 18757 0 383515 0 0 0 LEANNE M SHANK GENERAL COUNSEL AND CORPORATE SECRET 347767 0 0 0 34743 0 25000 0 1735 0 409245 0 0 0 TROY LOWRY DIRECTOR OF SOFTWARE SERVI 353197 0 0 0 55288 0 15625 0 15846 0 439956 0 0 0 VIVIAN BOWDEN SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT OF S 333243 0 0 0 44921 0 25000 0 5552 0 408716 0 0 0 PART I, LINE 1A AS OF EARLY 2019, LSAC PROVIDES HOUSING TO THE PRESIDENT AND REMOTE STAFF BY RENTING A LOCAL HOUSE CLOSE TO THE CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS. PART I, LINE 4A KEITH BLACK RECIEVED A SEVERANCE PAYMENT OF $75,002. KELLYE Y TESTY PRESIDENT AND CEO SIGNING BONUS X 250000 150000 0 1 1 150000 FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION A, LINE 6 A SCHOOL OF LAW IS ELIGIBLE FOR MEMBERSHIP IN THE LAW SCHOOL ADMISSION COUNCIL (LSAC) IF IT REQUIRES THAT SUBSTANTIALLY ALL OF ITS APPLICANTS FOR ADMISSION TAKE THE LSAT, AND IS A LAW SCHOOL APPROVED BY THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION (ABA) OR A MEMBER OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN LAW SCHOOLS (AALS), OR IT IS A CANADIAN LAW SCHOOL THAT GRANTS DEGREES THAT ARE RECOGNIZED BY A PROVINCIAL OR TERRITORIAL LAW SOCIETY OR GOVERNMENT AGENCY AS AN APPROVED ACADEMIC CREDENTIAL FOR PERSONS SEEKING ADMISSION TO THE BAR IN ONE OF THE PROVINCES OR TERRITORIES OF CANADA. THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE COUNCIL MAY AT ITS DISCRETION AND FOLLOWING A PERIOD FOR NOTICE AND COMMENT AMONG THE CURRENT MEMBERS, ADMIT INTO MEMBERSHIP A LAW SCHOOL OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA IF IT REQUIRES THAT SUBSTANTIALLY ALL OF ITS APPLICANTS FOR ADMISSION TAKE THE LSAT, AND IS ACCREDITED BY A GOVERNMENTALLY RECOGNIZED, NATIONAL ACCREDITING AUTHORITY OR ITS DEGREES MEET THE LEGAL EDUCATION REQUIREMENT FOR BAR MEMBERSHIP THROUGHOUT ITS HOME COUNTRY. THERE ARE CURRENTLY 200 US MEMBER LAW SCHOOLS, 17 CANADIAN MEMBER LAW SCHOOLS AND 1 AUSTRALIAN MEMBER LAW SCHOOL. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION A, LINE 7A EACH MEMBER LAW SCHOOL HAS ONE VOTE. THE MEMBERS ELECT THE CHAIR OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES EVERY OTHER YEAR. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION A, LINE 7B A MEMBER LAW SCHOOL CAN PROPOSE AN AMENDMENT TO THE BYLAWS AND UPON APPROVAL OF A MAJORITY OF THE MEMBERS THE BYLAWS CAN BE AMENDED. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 11B LSAC'S FORM 990 IS PREPARED BY THE ORGANIZATION'S INDEPENDENT AUDITORS. AFTER MANAGEMENT REVIEW, A COPY OF THE FORM IS PROVIDED TO BOTH THE LSAC AUDIT COMMITTE AND THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, PRIOR TO FILING WITH THE IRS. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 12C ON AN ANNUAL BASIS LSAC BOARD OF TRUSTEES MEMBERS, COMMITTEE MEMBERS AND VOLUNTEERS ARE PROVIDED A COPY OF THE COUNCIL'S CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY, ASKED TO REVIEW, DISCLOSE ANY POTENTIAL CONFLICTS, AND SIGN AN ACKNOWLEDGEMENT FORM THAT IS MAINTAINED BY LSAC'S GENERAL COUNSEL. ON AN ANNUAL BASIS, OFFICERS AND KEY LSAC STAFF MEMBERS ARE PROVIDED A COPY OF THE COUNCIL'S CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY AND ARE ASKED TO REVIEW, DISCLOSE ANY POTENTIAL CONFLICTS AND SIGN AN ACKNOWLEDGEMENT FORM THAT IS MAINTAINED BY HUMAN RESOURCES. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 15 THE ORGANIZATION APPOINTS AN EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE, NORMALLY 3-5 MEMBERS FROM THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES AND NAMED BY THE LSAC CHAIR. THE EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE ENLISTS THE ASSISTANCE OF AN OUTSIDE FIRM OR SPECIALIST THAT IS ABLE TO PROVIDE COMPARATIVE INFORMATION ABOUT PROCESS AND COMPENSATION ITSELF. AS PART OF THE ANNUAL BUDGET APPROVAL PROCESS, THE LSAC PRESIDENT PRESENTS TO THE BOARD A BUDGET ITEM REGARDING THE PROPOSED COMPENSATION POOL OF STAFF INCREASES OR ADJUSTMENTS. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION C, LINE 19 LSAC MAKES ITS GOVERNING DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST. FORM 990, PART IX, LINE 11G OTHER FEES: PROGRAM SERVICE EXPENSES 10,297,032. MANAGEMENT AND GENERAL EXPENSES 1,774,722. FUNDRAISING EXPENSES 0. TOTAL EXPENSES 12,071,754. FORM 990, PART XI, LINE 9: POSTRETIREMENT BENEFIT GAIN 6,254,428. FORM 990, PART XII, LINE 2C THE PROCESS HAS NOT CHANGED FROM THE PRIOR YEAR LSAG INDIA LLP WEWORK FORUM DLF CYBER CITY PHASE- GURUGRAM IN 122002 EDUCATIONAL SERVICES IN LSAC RELATED 19317 122940 0 0 0.99990 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 LSAG INDIA LLP R 150000 FMV