2021-06-24T15:15:38-05:00 2020-12-31 420714325 RSM US LLP 227 WEST FIRST STREET SUITE 700 DULUTH MN 55802 990 2020-01-01 410845733 HENNEPIN HEALTH FOUNDATION HENN 6128736090 701 PARK AVENUE NO LSB-3 MINNEAPOLIS MN 55415 THERESA PESCH PRESIDENT 6128736090 2021-06-21 1 THERESA PESCH 999009999 JULIE BOYER P01278549 2187275025 2021-06-21 2 AAL1 IAL1 2020 2022-09-23 18:48:47Z THERESA PESCH 701 PARK AVENUE NO LSB-3 MINNEAPOLIS MN 55415 11940861 0 X WWW.HENNEPINHEALTHCARE.ORG/HENNEPIN-HEALT X 1958 MN TO RAISE AND ADMINISTER PHILANTHROPIC SUPPORT FOR HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS INC.HENNEPIN HEALTH FOUNDATION (HHF) SUPPORTS THE MISSION OF HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE, MINNESOTA'S LARGEST PUBLIC SAFETY NET AND ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTER. HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE IS HOME TO THE LARGEST AND BUSIEST TRAUMA CENTER IN THE STATE AND TRAINS THE MAJORITY OF THE PHYSICIANS, NURSES AND CLINICIANS WHO CARE FOR THE CITIZENS OF THIS STATE. HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE'S HOSPITAL AND CLINICS DELIVER MORE THAN 112,000 EMERGENCY AND URGENT CARE VISITS AND APPROXIMATELY 620,000 CLINIC VISITS EACH YEAR. HENNEPIN HEALTH FOUNDATION RAISES AND ADMINISTERS PHILANTHROPIC SUPPORT FOR HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE AND ITS RESEARCH ARM, HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (HHRI). 26 22 0 28 0 0 11329766 10715368 584934 532562 616898 595413 7701 -39152 12539299 11804191 3912437 10877277 0 0 2311760 2391831 0 0 1570606 1507183 1236393 7731380 14505501 4807919 -2701310 32442146 34159792 817119 3730666 31625027 30429126 X TO RAISE AND ADMINISTER PHILANTHROPIC SUPPORT FOR HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS INC. 0 0 11341511 10717010 532562 INNOVATIONS IN PATIENT CARE: WITH OVER 4,000 PATIENTS AND THEIR FAMILIES SEEKING CARE EACH DAY, EVERY GIFT CAN EMPOWER AND PROVIDE COMFORT DURING TIMES OF UNCERTAINTY. DONATIONS SUPPORT A VARIETY OF URGENT NEEDS OF OUR PATIENT POPULATION, REMOVE BARRIERS TO HEALTHCARE ACCESS, MAXIMIZE TECHNOLOGY TO ADVANCE HEALTHIER OUTCOMES, AND LAUNCH INNOVATIONS THAT EMPOWER PATIENTS AND THEIR FAMILIES TO TAKE CHARGE OF THEIR HEALTH CARE. THERE IS ENORMOUS POTENTIAL TO IMPROVE THE HEALTH OF OUR COMMUNITY, EVEN TARGETING SPECIFIC POPULATIONS OR DISEASES. HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE HAS MANY EFFORTS UNDERWAY TO EXTEND CARE BEYOND THE WALLS OF OUR CLINICS AND HOSPITAL. THROUGH MVNA AND HOSPICE OF THE TWIN CITIES, HHS EXPANDS THE OPPORTUNITY FOR DONORS TO SUPPORT THE DELIVERY OF HEALTHCARE IN SHELTERS, PRIVATE HOMES, SCHOOLS, BUSINESSES, AND COMMUNITY CENTERS. EXAMPLES INCLUDE: SUPPORT FOR APPOINTMENT TRANSPORTATION, ACCESS TO CLOTHING AND FOOD, ASSISTANCE WITH MEDICAL EQUIPMENT, LODGING FOR OUT-OF-TOWN FAMILIES, AND ENHANCED SERVICES FOR YOUTH, THE LGBTQ COMMUNITIES, MOTHER-BABY, THOSE IN COUNTY JAIL, AND THE HOMELESS. 185486 EDUCATING THE WORKFORCE OF TOMORROW: HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE IS HOME TO OVER 15 RESIDENCY AND FELLOWSHIP TRAINING PROGRAMS AND IS THE PRIMARY TEACHING AFFILIATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA AND MORE THAN 60 MINNESOTA SCHOOLS. WE ARE A PLACE OF LEARNING AND INNOVATION FOR THOUSANDS OF HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS EACH YEAR, INCLUDING: FIRST RESPONDERS, RESIDENT PHYSICIANS, NURSING STUDENTS, AND MEDICAL STUDENTS IN ROTATIONS. DONATIONS HELP ENHANCE TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES AND RESIDENCY PROGRAMS, PURCHASE EQUIPMENT, AND EXPAND TRAUMA PREVENTION OUTREACH, TELEMEDICINE, AND RURAL HEALTH EDUCATION. 181542 TRAUMA AND CRITICAL CARE: HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE IS HOME TO THE LARGEST AND BUSIEST LEVEL 1 TRAUMA CENTER IN THE STATE, INCLUDING A PEDIATRIC LEVEL 1 TRAUMA CENTER. GENEROSITY PROVIDES FUNDING TO THE PATIENT CARE SERVICES RELATED TO HHS'S LEVEL 1 TRAUMA DESIGNATIONS SUCH AS PATIENT COMFORT IN TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY, THE BURN UNIT, STROKE CARE, HEART CLINIC, REGIONAL POISON CENTER AND TOXICOLOGY CARE, CARE DURING AND AFTER TRANSPLANT, AND CARE IN DEALING WITH THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, SEXUAL ASSAULT, CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT. 160267 160267 CLINICAL RESEARCH: INSIGHTS PROVIDED BY MEDICAL RESEARCH AT HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE LOOK TO LESSEN THE IMPACT OF TODAY'S HEALTH PROBLEMS. RESEARCH PRIORITIES INCLUDE: ADDICTION, COVID-19, HEALTH SERVICES, INFECTIOUS DISEASE/HIV, AND ACUTE CARE/TRAUMA. FINANCIAL SUPPORT CAN IMPACT THE SUCCESS OF THIS RESEARCH DIRECTED BY THE HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 160267 160267 11868806 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 11 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 26 22 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 MN X X ZUZANNE FENNER 6128733959 701 PARK AVENUE P1 MINNEAPOLIS MN 55415 JENNIFER DECUBELLIS DIRECTOR/CEO HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM 2.00 40.00 X 0 540630 45807 JOHN CUMMING MD FORMER DIRECTOR/INTERIM CEO, HENN 2.00 40.00 X 0 532594 53159 TENBIT EMIRU MD PHD MBA SECRETARY 2.00 40.00 X X 0 416653 45064 THERESA PESCH RN VP PHILANTHROPY HHF PRESIDENT 40.00 2.00 X 0 316276 53203 RICHARD KYLE MD DIRECTOR 2.00 40.00 X 0 313222 44429 AJAY ISRANI MD MS DIRECTOR/PRESIDENT OF HHRI 2.00 40.00 X 0 290169 49610 ZUZANNE FENNER VP HHF DEVELOP OPS FINANCE 20.00 20.00 X 0 199895 32950 MICHAEL BELZER HHF & PUBLIC POL SR MED DIR 40.00 X 0 139930 30891 AMY CARLSON DEVELOPMENT DIRECTOR 36.00 4.00 X 0 125388 17543 KARIN MEIER DEVELOPMENT DIRECTOR 36.00 4.00 X 0 119978 17066 CHAD BOYSEN DEVELOPMENT DIRECTOR 40.00 0.00 X 0 113246 25955 MARCEIL A LUEDTKE DEVEL PROSP RSRCH & MGMT DIR 40.00 X 0 106150 15823 DEBORAH YUNGNER DIRECTOR 2.00 X 0 0 0 CHRIS SHERMAN DIRECTOR 2.00 X 0 0 0 KATIE SEVERT DIRECTOR 2.00 X 0 0 0 SHIRA HAUSCHEN JD DIRECTOR 2.00 X 0 0 0 JANTZE HALEY DIRECTOR 2.00 X 0 0 0 DOMINIC CIRESI DIRECTOR 2.00 X 0 0 0 MOLLY BURKE JD DIRECTOR 2.00 X 0 0 0 REBECCA ANDERSON DIRECTOR 2.00 X 0 0 0 LAURA CHIN DIRECTOR 2.00 X 0 0 0 COURTNEY CUSHING-KIERNAT DIRECTOR 2.00 X 0 0 0 SERAFIN SAMSON DIRECTOR 2.00 X 0 0 0 RICHARD DADDI DIRECTOR 2.00 X 0 0 0 LISA BREZONIK DIRECTOR 2.00 X 0 0 0 COURTNEY GODFREY DIRECTOR 2.00 X 0 0 0 STANLEY JACKSON DIRECTOR 2.00 X 0 0 0 ADRIENNE JORDAN DIRECTOR 2.00 X 0 0 0 CRAIG SAMITT MD MBA DIRECTOR 2.00 X 0 0 0 BROOKE MOSS DIRECTOR 2.00 X 0 0 0 JOSEPH LALLY JD DIRECTOR 2.00 X 0 0 0 CAROLE HITT FORMER DIRECTOR 2.00 X 0 0 0 BRETT EDELSON VICE CHAIR 2.00 X X 0 0 0 JAMES YOUNG TREASURER 2.00 X X 0 0 0 JENNELL BILEK CHAIR 5.00 X X 0 0 0 0 3214131 431500 0 0 1 0 0 93582 1751613 149873 8720300 3954006 10715368 FEES 900099 425926 425926 COMMISSIONS 900099 106636 106636 532562 595413 595413 96771 93582 136670 -39899 -39899 OTHER INCOME 900099 747 747 747 11804191 532562 0 556261 10877277 10877277 322057 48636 176150 97271 1525912 277872 434644 813396 114099 20778 32500 60821 290107 52829 82635 154643 139656 24795 44122 70739 224577 224577 766513 105474 296038 365001 10 10 19515 19478 37 8698 8698 802 802 PROGRAM SUPPLIES 180220 180220 PATIENT SUPPORTS 36058 36058 14505501 11868806 1066089 1570606 75894 15417 5349181 5333291 77307 27700 19257 19257 0 0 13757428 15859055 12398609 12138483 783727 785846 32442146 34159792 28783 14517 634824 533178 19999 0 133513 3182971 817119 3730666 X 2057006 2411627 29568021 28017499 31625027 30429126 32442146 34159792 -2701310 1505409 0 X 0 1 X 1 0 X 6892649 6170358 10540636 11329766 10715368 45648777 6892649 6170358 10540636 11329766 10715368 45648777 10624409 35024368 273507 414404 596038 616898 595413 2496260 163628 163628 163705 247773 50531 747 462756 48771421 1598716 0.71810 0.65280 X RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED 2119 785846 X 0 2610274 1151432 370296 4030 4127972 1911529 339479 359266 2610274 2281915 34430 -404816 1911529 1858646 210306 213728 765 2281915 899107 926695 33172 328 1858646 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 1 0 19257 19257 0 0 FUNDS HELD AT HENNEPIN COUNTY 12138483 F 12138483 DUE TO FISCAL AGENT 3650 RELATED PARTY PAYABLE 3179321 3182971 X 13563252 1505409 116982 1622391 11940861 -136670 -136670 11804191 14759153 116982 136670 253652 14505501 0 14505501 PART III, LINE 4: THE FOUNDATION'S ART COLLECTION IS DISPLAYED ACROSS THE HEALTH SYSTEM IN ORDER TO PROVIDE A HEALING ENVIRONMENT. PART V, LINE 4: THE FOUNDATION MAINTAINS THE ENDOWMENT FUNDS TO SUPPORT OR PROMOTE PROGRAMS THROUGHOUT HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE. PART X, LINE 2: HHF HAS A TAX-EXEMPT STATUS UNDER SECTION 501(C)(3) OF THE INTERNAL REVENUE CODE (IRC) AND MINNESOTA STATUTE AND CORRESPONDING TAX CODES AND, THEREFORE, THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DO NOT INCLUDE A PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES. IT HAS BEEN CLASSIFIED AS AN ORGANIZATION THAT IS NOT A PRIVATE FOUNDATION UNDER THE IRC AND CHARITABLE CONTRIBUTIONS BY DONORS ARE TAX DEDUCTIBLE. HHF'S 2017-2020 TAX YEARS ARE OPEN FOR EXAMINATION BY FEDERAL AND STATE TAXING AUTHORITIES. HHF FILES AS A TAX EXEMPT ORGANIZATION, SHOULD THAT STATUS BE CHALLENGED IN THE FUTURE, ALL YEARS SINCE INCEPTION WOULD BE SUBJECT TO REVIEW BY THE IRS. PART XI, LINE 4B - OTHER ADJUSTMENTS: SPECIAL EVENT DIRECT EXPENSES -136,670. PART XII, LINE 2D - OTHER ADJUSTMENTS: SPECIAL EVENT DIRECT EXPENSES 136,670. REDLEAF ART EVENT 175043 93582 81461 130575 EMERGENCY CLOTHING 9210 9210 1 6100 6100 190353 93582 96771 130575 130575 -33804 1 HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM INC 701 PARK AVENUE MINNEAPOLIS MN 55415 421707837 501(C)(3) 10712980 PROGRAMMATIC ACTIVITIES INCLUDING FUNDING THE DENTAL CLINIC AND THE REDLEAF CENTER FOR FAMILY HEALING HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE RESEARCH INSTITUTE 701 PARK AVENUE MINNEAPOLIS MN 55415 411677920 501(C)(3) 160267 ESTABLISHED ENDOWMENT AND DONATIONS TOWARDS RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 2 PART I, LINE 2: HHS IS REIMBURSED FOR ACTUAL EXPENSES. HHRI RECEIVES TRANSFERS OF DONATIONS TO THEIR ENITY. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 JENNIFER DECUBELLIS DIRECTOR/CEO HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE SYS 0 540400 0 0 0 230 0 42750 0 3057 0 586437 0 0 JOHN CUMMING MD FORMER DIRECTOR/INTERIM CEO, HENN 0 317726 0 213424 0 1444 0 42750 0 10409 0 585753 0 0 TENBIT EMIRU MD PHD MBA SECRETARY 0 400068 0 14776 0 1809 0 25080 0 19984 0 461717 0 0 THERESA PESCH RN VP PHILANTHROPY HHF PRESIDENT 0 257047 0 58437 0 792 0 28500 0 24703 0 369479 0 0 RICHARD KYLE MD DIRECTOR 0 304927 0 6736 0 1559 0 25080 0 19349 0 357651 0 0 AJAY ISRANI MD MS DIRECTOR/PRESIDENT OF HHRI 0 280713 0 9180 0 276 0 25080 0 24530 0 339779 0 0 ZUZANNE FENNER VP HHF DEVELOP OPS FINANCE 0 180225 0 19175 0 495 0 12347 0 20603 0 232845 0 0 MICHAEL BELZER HHF & PUBLIC POL SR MED DIR 0 125037 0 13892 0 1001 0 12946 0 17945 0 170821 0 0 PART I, LINE 3 COMPENSATION IS DETERMINED BY HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM ("HHS") - HHF HAS NO EMPLOYEES. THE COMPENSATION OF THE PRESIDENT, OTHER OFFICERS AND BOARD MEMBERS OF THE FOUNDATION, AND ALL HHF EMPLOYEES, IS DETERMINED BY HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM ("HHS"), THE FOUNDATION'S SOLE MEMBER. THE HHS BOARD OF DIRECTORS ENGAGED AN INDEPENDENT CONSULTING FIRM TO EVALUATE THE BASE AND TOTAL CASH COMPENSATION FOR THE CEO AND OTHER QUALIFIED EXECUTIVES. THE FIRM GATHERED COMPARABILITY DATA ACCORDING TO THE ASSUMPTIONS OUTLINED IN HHS' COMPENSATION PHILOSOPHY, INCLUDING DATA RELEVANT TO OTHER ACADEMIC AND PUBLIC HOSPITALS. THE DATA TOOK INTO CONSIDERATION THE SCOPE OF THE COMPARISON GROUP, INCLUDING FACTORS SUCH AS REVENUE, EMPLOYEE SIZE AND GEOGRAPHIC REGION. THE PRESIDENT OF HENNEPIN HEALTH FOUNDATION IS ALSO THE VICE PRESIDENT OF PHILANTHROPY FOR HHS, THEREFORE HER COMPENSATION WAS DETERMINED USING THIS METHOD. THE FOUNDATION HAS NO OTHER COMPENSATED OFFICERS OR KEY EMPLOYEES. THE FOLLOWING WERE USED BY HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM, A RELATED ORGANIZATION, TO ESTABLISH THE COMPENSATION OF THE PRESIDENT: 1. COMPENSATION COMMITTEE 2. COMPENSATION SURVEY OR STUDY 3. APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OR COMPENSATION COMMITTEE 4. INDEPENDENT COMPENSATION CONSULTANTS X 2 2118 FMV X COVID TESTS 1 520000 FMV X PPE 68 289783 FMV X FOOD FOR STAFF 33 93788 FMV X REDLEAF EVENT 40 21098 FMV 0 0 1 0 PART I, COLUMN (B): THE ORGANIZATION IS REPORTING THE NUMBER OF CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVED. FORM 990, PART VI THE FOUNDATION'S EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE IS COMPOSED OF THE CHAIR, VICE CHAIRS, SECRETARY, TREASURER, AND SUCH OTHER PERSONS, IF ANY, ELECTED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS. THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE HAS THE AUTHORITY OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE BUSINESS IN THE INTERVAL BETWEEN MEETINGS OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS. THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE IS AT ALL TIMES SUBJECT OT THE CONTROL AND DIRECTION OF THE BOARD. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION A, LINE 6 THE SOLE MEMBER OF THE FOUNDATION IS HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM INC., A MINNESOTA NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION A, LINE 7A ALL MEMBERS OF THE FOUNDATION'S BOARD OF DIRECTORS ARE APPOINTED BY THE SOLE MEMBER, HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION A, LINE 7B THE FOUNDATION MAY NOT TAKE ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ACTIONS WITHOUT RECEIVING APPROVAL BY THE SOLE MEMBER, HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM: 1) INCUR LONG-TERM DEBT 2) MORTGAGE OR ENCUMBER ANY ASSETS OF THE FOUNDATION 3) SELL, LEASE, OR OTHERWISE DISPOSE OF ALL OR SUBSTANTIALLY ALL OF ITS PROPERTY AND ASSETS 4) ADD OR DELETE MAJOR SERVICES 5) VOLUNTARILY DISSOLVE 6) PURCHASE OR ACQUIRE SUBSTANTIALLY ALL OF THE ASSETS OF ANOTHER ENTITY 7) MERGE, CONSOLIDATE WITH ANY DOMESTIC OR FOREIGN ORGANIZATION, OR LEASE OR SELL MORE THAN FIFTY PERCENT OF THE FOUNDATION'S PROPERTY AND ASSETS TO ANY ENTITY IN ANY ONE TRANSACTION OR SERIES OF RELATED TRANSACTIONS 8) PREPAY ANY INDEBTEDNESS PRIOR TO THE TIME FOR PAYMENT THEREOF AS PROVIDED IN THE CONTRACT EVIDENCING OR CREATING SUCH INDEBTEDNESS 9) LOAN MONEY OR OTHER ASSETS TO OR GUARANTEE THE OBLIGATIONS OF ANY PERSON OR ENTITY 10) APPROVE ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGETS, ANNUAL OR LONG-RANGE CAPITAL BUDGETS, AND NON-BUDGETED CONTRACTS ENTERED INTO OVER $50,000 11) SUBSTANTIALLY CHANGE THE PRESENT OR NOW INTENDED NATURE OF THE FOUNDATION'S OPERATIONS 12) APPROVE ANY EXTRAORDINARY COMPENSATION OR BONUS TO ANY EMPLOYEE 13) AMEND THE ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION OR BYLAWS. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 11B THE FULL BOARD WILL REVIEW THE 990 AT ITS 06/09/2021 MEETING. THEY WILL RECEIVE A COPY ONE WEEK PRIOR. SENIOR DIRECTOR OF FINANCE WILL DISCUSS ANY QUESTIONS/COMMENTS AT THE MEETING. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 12C THE FOUNDATION'S CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY APPLIES TO ALL OFFICERS, BOARD MEMBERS, AND COMMITTEE MEMBERS. DIRECTORS ARE REQUIRED TO ANNUALLY REVIEW THE CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY AND DISCLOSE ANY CONFLICTS. INDIVIDUALS WITH ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL CONFLICTS ARE REQUIRED TO DISCLOSE THE RELEVANT FACTS TO THE BOARD OR COMMITTEE CONSIDERING THE TRANSACTION. AFTER PRESENTING THE RELEVANT FACTS TO THE BOARD OR COMMITTEE, THE INTERESTED PERSON LEAVES THE ROOM FOR THE SUBSEQUENT DISCUSSION AND VOTE ON THE TRANSACTION. THE BOARD OR COMMITTEE MAY SEEK ALTERNATIVE TRANSACTIONS THAT DO NOT INVOLVE A CONFLICT. ALL SUCH SITUATIONS ARE DOCUMENTED IN THE MINUTES OF THE MEETING. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION C, LINE 19 THE FOUNDATION'S FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ARE AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST FOR THE SAME PERIOD OF DISCLOSURE AS SET FORTH IN SECTION 6104(D). THEY ARE AVAILABLE ON HHF'S WEBSITE ALSO. HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM INC 701 PARK AVENUE MINNEAPOLIS MN 55415 421707837 HOSPITAL MN 501(C)(3) LINE 3 N/A 0 HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE RESEARCH INSTITUTE 701 PARK AVENUE MINNEAPOLIS MN 55415 411677920 MEDICAL RESEARCH MN 501(C)(3) LINE 7 HENNEPIN HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS INC 0 HENNEPIN COUNTY 300 SOUTH 6TH STREET MINNEAPOLIS MN 55487 416005801 COUNTY OPERATIONS MN 115 N/A N/A 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1